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Sexually transmitted infection

"STD" redirects here. For other uses, see STD (disambiguation).
"Sexually transmitted infections" redirects here. For the journal, see Sexually Transmitted Infections (journal).
"Sexual disease" redirects here. Not to be confused with sexual dysfunction.

Sexually transmitted infection
Other namesSexually transmitted disease (STD);
Venereal disease (VD)
Condom Museum, Bangkok
SpecialtyInfectious disease
SymptomsNone, vaginal discharge, penile discharge, ulcers on or around the genitals, pelvic pain[1]
ComplicationsInfertility[1]
CausesInfections commonly spread by sex[1]
PreventionSexual abstinence, vaccinations, condoms[2]
Frequency1.1 billion (STIs other than HIV/AIDS, 2015)[3]
Deaths108,000 (STIs other than HIV/AIDS, 2015)[4]

A sexually transmitted infection (STI), also referred to as a sexually transmitted disease (STD) and the older term venereal disease (VD), is an infection that is spread by sexual activity, especially vaginal intercourse, anal sex, oral sex, or sometimes manual sex.[1][5][6] STIs often do not initially cause symptoms,[1] which results in a risk of transmitting them on to others.[7][8] The term sexually transmitted infection is generally preferred over sexually transmitted disease or venereal disease, as it includes cases with no symptomatic disease.[9] Symptoms and signs of STIs may include vaginal discharge, penile discharge, ulcers on or around the genitals, and pelvic pain.[1] Some STIs can cause infertility.[1]

Bacterial STIs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis.[1] Viral STIs include genital warts, genital herpes, and HIV/AIDS.[1] Parasitic STIs include trichomoniasis.[1] Most STIs are treatable and curable, of the most common infections; syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and trichomoniasis are curable, while HIV/AIDS and genital herpes are not curable.[1] Some vaccinations may decrease the risk of certain infections including hepatitis B and few types of HPV.[2] Safe sex practices such as use of condoms, having smaller number of sexual partners, and being in a relationship in which each person only has sex with the other also decreases STIs risk.[1][2] Comprehensive sex education may also be useful.[10]

STI diagnostic tests are usually easily available in the developed world, but they are often unavailable in the developing world.[1] There is often shame and stigma associated with STIs.[1] In 2015, STIs other than HIV resulted in 108,000 deaths worldwide.[4] Globally, in 2015, about 1.1 billion people had STIs other than HIV/AIDS.[3] About 500 million have either syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia or trichomoniasis.[1] At least an additional 530 million have genital herpes, and 290 million women have human papillomavirus.[1] Historical documentation of STIs in antiquity dates back to at least the Ebers Papyrus (c. 1550 BCE) and the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament (8th/7th C. BCE).[11]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) Fact sheet N°110". who.int. November 2013. Archived from the original on 25 November 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
  2. ^ a b c "How You Can Prevent Sexually Transmitted Diseases". cdc.gov. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 31 May 2016. Archived from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2017.Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  3. ^ a b Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease Injury Incidence Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
  4. ^ a b Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
  5. ^ "Sexually transmitted infections". womenshealth.gov. 22 February 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2017.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  6. ^ Hoyle A, McGeeney E (2019). Great Relationships and Sex Education. Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-1-351-18825-8. Retrieved 11 July 2023.
  7. ^ Murray PR, Rosenthal KS, Pfaller MA (2013). Medical microbiology (7th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby. p. 418. ISBN 978-0-323-08692-9. Archived from the original on 1 December 2015.
  8. ^ Goering RV (2012). Mims' medical microbiology (5th ed.). Edinburgh: Saunders. p. 245. ISBN 978-0-7234-3601-0.
  9. ^ Guidelines for the management of sexually transmitted infections (PDF). Geneva: World Health Organization. 2003. p. vi. ISBN 978-92-4-154626-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 December 2014.
  10. ^ International technical guidance on sexuality education: An evidence-informed approach (PDF). Paris: UNESCO. 2018. p. 28. ISBN 978-92-3-100259-5.
  11. ^ Gross G, Tyring SK (2011). Sexually transmitted infections and sexually transmitted diseases. Heidelberg: Springer Verlag. p. 20. ISBN 978-3-642-14663-3. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015.

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