Back Shaivisme Afrikaans شيفاوية Arabic شيفيه ARZ Shivaísmu AST Shaivismo BCL Шываізм Byelorussian Шиваизъм Bulgarian शैव मत Bihari শৈবধর্ম Bengali/Bangla Xivaisme Catalan
 Shiva (above) is the primary God in Shaivism. |
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Shaivism (/ɕə͡ɪʋəsampɾəd̪ɑjəh/; Sanskrit: शैवसंप्रदायः, romanized: Śaivasampradāyaḥ) is one of the major Hindu traditions, which worships Shiva[1][2][3] as the supreme being. It is the second-largest Hindu sect, constituting about 385 million Hindus,[4][5][6] found widely across South Asia (predominantly in Southern India), Sri Lanka, and Nepal.[7][8] The followers of Shaivism are called Shaivas or Shaivites.
According to Chakravarti, Shaivism developed as an amalgam of pre-Aryan religions and traditions, Vedic Rudra, and post-Vedic traditions, accommodating local traditions and Yoga, puja and bhakti.[9] According to Bisschop, early shaivism is rooted in the worship of vedic diety Rudra. The earliest evidence for sectarian Rudra-Shiva worship appears with the Pasupata (early CE),[2] possibly owing to the Hindu synthesis, when many local traditions were aligned with the Vedic-Brahmanical fold.[10] The Pāśupata movement rapidly expanded throughout North India, giving rise to different forms of Shaivism, which led to the emergence of various tantric traditions. [2] Both devotional and monistic Shaivism became popular in the 1st millennium CE, rapidly becoming the dominant religious tradition of many Hindu kingdoms.[2] It arrived in Southeast Asia shortly thereafter, leading to the construction of thousands of Shaiva temples on the islands of Indonesia as well as Cambodia and Vietnam, co-evolving with Buddhism in these regions.[11][12]
Shaivism incorporates many sub-traditions ranging from devotional dualistic theism such as Shaiva Siddhanta to yoga-orientated monistic non-theism such as Kashmiri Shaivism.[13][14][15] Shaivite theology ranges from Shiva being the creator, preserver, and destroyer to being the same as the Atman (Self) within oneself and every living being. It is closely related to Shaktism, and some Shaivas worship in both Shiva and Shakti temples.[15] It is the Hindu tradition that most accepts ascetic life and emphasizes yoga, and encourages one to discover and be one with Shiva within.[13][14][16]
It has a vast literature,[17] considering both the Vedas and the Agama texts as important sources of theology.[18][19][20]
- ^ Bisschop 2020, pp. 15–16.
- ^ a b c d Bisschop 2011.
- ^ Chakravarti 1986, p. 1.
- ^ Preston, Charles. "List of religious populations | Largest Religions, Smallest Religions, Lists, Data, & Overview | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 5 January 2025.
- ^ Johnson, Todd M; Grim, Brian J (2013). The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography. John Wiley & Sons. p. 400. ISBN 9781118323038. Archived from the original on 9 December 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
- ^ Jones & Ryan 2006, p. 474.
- ^ Flood 1996, p. 17.
- ^ Keay, p.xxvii.
- ^ Chakravarti 1986, p. 66-70.
- ^ Flood 1997, p. 148-150.
- ^ Flood 2003, pp. 208–214.
- ^ Jan Gonda (1975). Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia, Religions. BRILL Academic. pp. 3–20, 35–36, 49–51. ISBN 90-04-04330-6. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2017.
- ^ a b Flood 1996, pp. 162–167.
- ^ a b Ganesh Tagare (2002), The Pratyabhijñā Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1892-7, pages 16–19
- ^ a b Flood 2003, pp. 202–204.
- ^ "Introduction to Hinduism". Himalayan Academy. 2009. Archived from the original on 30 April 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
- ^ Tattwananda, p. 54.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
davidsmith116was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Mariasusai Dhavamony (1999), Hindu Spirituality, Gregorian University and Biblical Press, ISBN 978-88-7652-818-7, pages 31–34 with footnotes
- ^ Mark Dyczkowski (1989), The Canon of the Śaivāgama, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-0595-8, pages 43–44
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