Shakkanakku

Inscription on the statue of Ishtup-Ilum with the word "Shakkanakku" (red): "Ishtup-Ilum, Shakkanakku of Mari" (𒅖𒁾𒀭 𒄊𒀴 𒈠𒌷𒆠)

Shakkanakku (Sumerian: 𒄊𒀴, GIR.NITA or šagina,^[1] Akkadian: 𒇽𒃻𒃶𒅘𒆪, Shakkanakku), was an Akkadian-language title designating a military governor.^[2] Mari was ruled by a dynasty of hereditary Shakkanakkus which was originally set by the Akkadian Empire and gained independence following Akkad's collapse.^[3] It is considered that the Shakkanakkus gained some form of independence and came to be considered as "Kings" from the time of Apil-Kin.^[4] A critical analysis of the Shakkanakku List of Mari has been published.^[5]

The title is also known around the same time in Elam, where several "Shakkanakku (Military Governor) of the country of Elam" with typically Akkadian names ruled for the Akkadian kings.^[6]

The title also existed in Qatna in the 14th century BC,^[7] and Dilmun under the Kassites.^[8]

^ "Sumerian Dictionary". oracc.iaas.upenn.edu.
^ Gwendolyn Leick (16 November 2009). Historical Dictionary of Mesopotamia. Scarecrow Press. p. 113. ISBN 9780810863248.
^ Trevor Bryce (6 March 2014). Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History. OUP Oxford. p. 18. ISBN 9780191002922.
^ Loisel, Anne-Caroline Rendu (2013). "Ilum-Isar et Apil-Kin, deux nouvelles inscriptions de Mari/Tell Hariri". In L. Feliu / J. Llop / A. Millet Alba / J. Sanmartin (Ed), Time and History in the Ancient Near East, Proceedings of Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 56, Barcelone, Juillet 2010, Pp.633-643: 650.
^ Philological Data for a Historical Chronology of Mesopotamia in the 3rd Millennium (PDF). pp. 26–27.
^ Translation into French in Mémoires. Paris: P. Geuthner. 1899. p. 8.
^ Gromova 2007, p. 300.
^ L. Potter (5 January 2009). The Persian Gulf in History. Springer. p. 35. ISBN 9780230618459.

[1] "Sumerian Dictionary". oracc.iaas.upenn.edu.

[2] Gwendolyn Leick (16 November 2009). Historical Dictionary of Mesopotamia. Scarecrow Press. p. 113. ISBN 9780810863248.

[3] Trevor Bryce (6 March 2014). Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History. OUP Oxford. p. 18. ISBN 9780191002922.

[4] Loisel, Anne-Caroline Rendu (2013). "Ilum-Isar et Apil-Kin, deux nouvelles inscriptions de Mari/Tell Hariri". In L. Feliu / J. Llop / A. Millet Alba / J. Sanmartin (Ed), Time and History in the Ancient Near East, Proceedings of Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale 56, Barcelone, Juillet 2010, Pp.633-643: 650.

[5] Philological Data for a Historical Chronology of Mesopotamia in the 3rd Millennium (PDF). pp. 26–27.

[LM-6] Translation into French in Mémoires. Paris: P. Geuthner. 1899. p. 8.

[FOOTNOTEGromova2007300-7] Gromova 2007, p. 300.

[8] L. Potter (5 January 2009). The Persian Gulf in History. Springer. p. 35. ISBN 9780230618459.

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