Sham Liberation Army

Sham Liberation Army
Sham Liberation Army
جيش تحرير الشام; Jaysh Tahrir al-Sham
	Logo of Saraya Ahl al-Sham, which the Sham Liberation Army is a member group
Leaders	Abu Muwaffaq al-Shami (commander-in-chief); Abu Mohsen al-Qalamouni (military commander); Col. Abdullah al-Rifai † (Western Qalamoun Union); Capt. Firas Ibn Bitar (Levant Liberation Army); Zuhair Mohammad (LLA second-in-command);
Dates of operation	30 September 2015 – present[citation needed]
Headquarters	Afrin, Aleppo Governorate, Syria (Since 2018)[citation needed]
Active regions	Eastern Qalamoun Mountains (until 25 April 2018); Western Qalamoun Mountains, Lebanon–Syria border (until August 2017); Damascus Governorate (Levant Liberation Division, 2012–2014);
Size	400 (August 2017 - Saraya Ahl al-Sham total)
Allies	Turkey (since 2018); Tahrir al-Sham[citation needed]; Ahrar al-Sham; Al-Rahman Legion; Free Syrian Army;
Opponents	Syria; Iran; Russia; Lebanon (2017); Galilee Forces; Hezbollah; Islamic State (since February 2016); Jaysh al-Islam; Arab Nationalist Guard; SSNP; LAAG
Battles and wars	Syrian Civil War 2012–13 escalation of the Syrian Civil War; Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian Civil War; Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War; Rif Dimashq Governorate campaign Eastern Qalamoun offensive (September–October 2016); Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017); Eastern Qalamoun offensive (April 2018); ; Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon Qalamoun offensive (2017); ;

The Sham Liberation Army (Arabic: جيش تحرير الشام, romanized: Jaysh Tahrir al-Sham), originally called the Sham Liberation Brigade (Arabic: لواء تحرير الشام, romanized: Liwa Tahrir al-Sham), is an armed rebel group active in the Syrian Civil War. It was founded and is led by Firas Bitar, a former Syrian Army captain who defected from the Syrian Army in 2012. Until 2016, its sole opponent was the Syrian Armed Forces and its allied militias;^[7] it rejected any fighting with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant until ISIL attacked its fighters in February 2016.^[8]

In September 2015, the Sham Liberation Army and other rebel groups in the Qalamoun Mountains formed Saraya Ahl al-Sham (Arabic: سرايا أهل الشام; Company of the People of the Levant).^[1]

^ ^a ^b ^c "Syria rebels form new Qalamoun coalition". Now News. 1 October 2015. Archived from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
^ "Syrian Jihadists Signal Intent for Lebanon". Institute for the Study of War. 6 March 2015.
^ "Shells hit Damascus area as Assad attends prayers". AP. 8 August 2013.
^ "Syrian opposition regains upper hand in Qalamoun". Al-Araby Al-Jadeed. 20 April 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2015.
^ "Assad shown unharmed after Syria rebels report attack". Reuters. 8 August 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2015.
^ "Last rebel faction leaves mountains on Syrian-Lebanese border alongside displaced". Syria Direct. 14 August 2017.
^ "Syrian opposition regains upper hand in Qalamoun". Al-Araby Al-Jadeed. 20 April 2015.
^ ""Sham Liberation" Army issued a statement declaring his position of "state regulation"". Al-Souria. 4 February 2016. Archived from the original on 10 June 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2021.

[now-1] "Syria rebels form new Qalamoun coalition". Now News. 1 October 2015. Archived from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2017.

[isw-2] "Syrian Jihadists Signal Intent for Lebanon". Institute for the Study of War. 6 March 2015.

[3] "Shells hit Damascus area as Assad attends prayers". AP. 8 August 2013.

[4] "Syrian opposition regains upper hand in Qalamoun". Al-Araby Al-Jadeed. 20 April 2015. Retrieved 29 November 2015.

[damascus-5] "Assad shown unharmed after Syria rebels report attack". Reuters. 8 August 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2015.

[last-6] "Last rebel faction leaves mountains on Syrian-Lebanese border alongside displaced". Syria Direct. 14 August 2017.

[7] "Syrian opposition regains upper hand in Qalamoun". Al-Araby Al-Jadeed. 20 April 2015.

[state-8] ""Sham Liberation" Army issued a statement declaring his position of "state regulation"". Al-Souria. 4 February 2016. Archived from the original on 10 June 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2021.

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Sham Liberation Army
جيش تحرير الشام Jaysh Tahrir al-Sham
Logo of Saraya Ahl al-Sham, which the Sham Liberation Army is a member group
Leaders	Abu Muwaffaq al-Shami (commander-in-chief)^[1] Abu Mohsen al-Qalamouni (military commander)^[1] Col. Abdullah al-Rifai † (Western Qalamoun Union)^[2] Capt. Firas Ibn Bitar (Levant Liberation Army)^[3] Zuhair Mohammad (LLA second-in-command)^[4]
Dates of operation	30 September 2015 – present^{[citation needed]}
Headquarters	Afrin, Aleppo Governorate, Syria (Since 2018)^{[citation needed]}
Active regions	Eastern Qalamoun Mountains (until 25 April 2018) Western Qalamoun Mountains, Lebanon–Syria border (until August 2017) Damascus Governorate (Levant Liberation Division, 2012–2014)^[5]
Size	400 (August 2017 - Saraya Ahl al-Sham total)^[6]
Allies	Turkey (since 2018) Tahrir al-Sham^{[citation needed]} Ahrar al-Sham Al-Rahman Legion Free Syrian Army
Opponents	Syria Iran Russia Lebanon (2017) Galilee Forces Hezbollah Islamic State (since February 2016) Jaysh al-Islam Arab Nationalist Guard SSNP LAAG
Battles and wars	Syrian Civil War 2012–13 escalation of the Syrian Civil War Inter-rebel conflict during the Syrian Civil War Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War Rif Dimashq Governorate campaign Eastern Qalamoun offensive (September–October 2016) Wadi Barada offensive (2016–2017) Eastern Qalamoun offensive (April 2018) Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon Qalamoun offensive (2017)