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| Shivaji I | |
|---|---|
| Shakakarta[1] Haindava Dharmoddharak[2] | |
 Portrait of Shivaji (c. 1680s), British Museum | |
| 1st Chhatrapati of the Marathas | |
| Reign | 6 June 1674–3 April 1680 |
| Coronation |
|
| Predecessor | Position established |
| Successor | Sambhaji |
| Born | 19 February 1630 Shivneri Fort, Ahmadnagar Sultanate (present-day Maharashtra, India) |
| Died | 3 April 1680 (aged 50) Raigad Fort, Mahad, Maratha Kingdom (present-day Maharashtra, India) |
| Spouse | |
| Issue | 8,[4] including Sambhaji and Rajaram I |
| House | Bhonsle |
| Father | Shahaji |
| Mother | Jijabai |
| Religion | Hinduism |
| Signature |  |
Shivaji I (Shivaji Shahaji Bhonsale; Marathi pronunciation: [ʃiʋaːd͡ʒiˑ bʱoˑs(ə)leˑ]; c. 19 February 1630 – 3 April 1680[5]) was an Indian ruler and a member of the Bhonsle dynasty.[6] Shivaji carved out his own independent kingdom from the declining Adilshahi Sultanate of Bijapur that formed the genesis of the Maratha Empire. In 1674, he was formally crowned the Chhatrapati of his realm at Raigad Fort.[7]
Over the course of his life, Shivaji engaged in both alliances and hostilities with the Mughal Empire, the Sultanate of Golkonda, the Sultanate of Bijapur and the European colonial powers. Following the Battle of Purandar, Shivaji entered into a vassalage with the Mughal empire, assuming the role of a Mughal chief and undertaking military expeditions on behalf of the empire for a brief duration.[8] Shivaji's military forces expanded the Maratha sphere of influence, capturing and building forts, and forming a Maratha navy. Shivaji established a competent and progressive civil administration with well-structured administrative institutions. He revived ancient Hindu political traditions, court conventions and promoted the use of the Marathi and Sanskrit languages, replacing Persian at court and in administration.[7][9] Praised for his chivalrous treatment of women,[10] Shivaji employed people of all castes and religions, including Muslims[11] and Europeans, in his administration and armed forces.[12]
Shivaji's legacy was to vary by observer and time, but nearly two centuries after his death he began to take on increased importance with the emergence of the Indian independence movement, as many Indian nationalists elevated him as a proto-nationalist and hero of the Hindus.[13][14][15]
- ^ Sardesai 1957, p. 222.
- ^ Satish Chandra (1982). Medieval India: Society, the Jagirdari Crisis, and the Village. Macmillan. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-333-90396-4.
- ^ Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920, p. 260.
- ^ James Laine (1996). Anne Feldhaus (ed.). Images of women in Maharashtrian literature and religion. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-7914-2837-5.
- ^ Dates are given according to the Julian calendar, see Mohan Apte, Porag Mahajani, M. N. Vahia. Possible errors in historical dates: Error in correction from Julian to Gregorian Calendars.
- ^ Robb 2011, pp. 103–104.
- ^ a b Govind Ranade, Mahadev (1900). Rise of the Maratha Power. India: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.
- ^ Richards, John F. (1993). The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press. p. 210. ISBN 978-0-521-56603-2.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:4was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Sarkar, Jadunath (1920). Shivaji and his times. University of California Libraries. London, New York, Longmans, Green and co. pp. 20–30, 43, 437, 158, 163.
- ^ Deshpande 2015.
- ^ Scammell, G. (1992). European Exiles, Renegades and Outlaws and the Maritime Economy of Asia c. 1500–1750. Modern Asian Studies, 26(4), 641–661. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00010003, [1]
- ^ Wolpert 1962, pp. 79–81.
- ^ Biswas, Debajyoti; Ryan, John Charles (2021). Nationalism in India: Texts and Contexts. Routledge. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-00-045282-2.
- ^ Sengar, Bina; McMillin, Laurie Hovell (2019). Spaces and Places in Western India: Formations and Delineations. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-000-69155-9.
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