Sial

In geology, the term sial refers to the composition of the upper layer of Earth's crust, namely rocks rich in aluminium silicate minerals. It is sometimes equated with the continental crust because it is absent in the wide oceanic basins,^[1] but 'sial' is a geochemical term rather than a plate tectonic term.^[2] As these elements are less dense than the majority of Earth's elements, they tend to be concentrated in the upper layer of the crust.

The uppermost layer of the crust is called the sial, consisting of silicate and aluminium (Si = silicate, Al = aluminium). On average, the thickness of the sial is till 25 km from the surface. The continents are composed mainly of lighter rock material formed from silicon and aluminium, so the sial is thick over the continents and very thin or absent on the ocean floor, especially the Pacific Ocean. Average density of the sial is 2.7 gm/cc.

Geologists often refer to the rocks in this layer as felsic, because they contain high levels of feldspar, an aluminium silicate mineral series. However, the sial "actually has quite a diversity of rock types, including large amounts of basaltic rocks."^[3]

The name 'sial' was taken from the first two letters of silica and of alumina. The sial is often contrasted to the 'sima,' the next lower layer in Earth, which is rich in silica and magnesium and is often exposed in the ocean basins; and the nickel-iron alloy core, sometimes referred to as the 'Nife'. These geochemical divisions of Earth's interior (with these names) were first proposed by Eduard Suess in the 19th century. This model of the outer layers of Earth has been confirmed by petrographic, gravimetric, and seismic evidence.^[4]

^ Continental crust has been defined as That type of the Earth’s crust which underlies the continents and the continental shelves: it is equivalent to the sial. Neuendorf, Klaus K. E.; Mehl, James P.; Jackson, Julia A., eds. (2005). Glossary of Geology (5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. p. 139. ISBN 978-3-540-27951-8.
^ Smith, Frederick Gordon (1963). Physical Geochemistry. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley. p. 379. OCLC 253612701.
^ Ritter, Michael E. (2006). "Chapter EM: Earth Materials and Structure: The Earth's Interior: The Crust". The Physical Environment: An Introduction to Physical Geography. Archived from the original on 11 November 2007.
^ Kuenen, Philip Henry (1950). Marine Geology. New York: Wiley. p. 117. OCLC 489742 – via Google Books.

[1] Continental crust has been defined as That type of the Earth’s crust which underlies the continents and the continental shelves: it is equivalent to the sial. Neuendorf, Klaus K. E.; Mehl, James P.; Jackson, Julia A., eds. (2005). Glossary of Geology (5th ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. p. 139. ISBN 978-3-540-27951-8.

[2] Smith, Frederick Gordon (1963). Physical Geochemistry. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley. p. 379. OCLC 253612701.

[Ritter-3] Ritter, Michael E. (2006). "Chapter EM: Earth Materials and Structure: The Earth's Interior: The Crust". The Physical Environment: An Introduction to Physical Geography. Archived from the original on 11 November 2007.

[4] Kuenen, Philip Henry (1950). Marine Geology. New York: Wiley. p. 117. OCLC 489742 – via Google Books.

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