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Sikh Empire | |
|---|---|
| 1799–1849 | |
| Motto: ਅਕਾਲ ਸਹਾਇ Akāl Sahāi "With God's Grace" | |
| Anthem: ਦੇਗ ਤੇਗ ਫ਼ਤਿਹ Dēg Tēg Fateh "Victory to Charity and Arms" | |
 The Sikh Empire c. 1839, at the time of Ranjit Singh's death | |
| Status | Empire |
| Capital |
|
| Common languages | |
| Religion | |
| Government | Federal monarchy |
| Maharaja | |
• 1801–1839 | Ranjit Singh (first) |
• 1843–1849 | Duleep Singh (last) |
| Regent | |
• 1840–1841 | Chand Kaur |
• 1843–1846 | Jind Kaur |
| Vizier | |
• 1799–1818 | Khushal Singh (first) |
• 1846 | Gulab Singh (last) |
| Historical era | Early modern period |
• Capture of Lahore by Ranjit Singh | 7 July 1799 |
• End of Second Anglo-Sikh War | 29 March 1849 |
| Area | |
| 1839[5] | 520,000 km2 (200,000 sq mi) |
| Population | |
• 1800s | 12,000,000[6] |
| Currency | Nanak Shahi Sikke |
| Today part of | |
| History of India |
|---|
 |
| Timeline |
The Sikh Empire was a regional power based in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent.[4] It existed from 1799, when Maharaja Ranjit Singh captured Lahore, to 1849, when it was defeated and conquered by the British East India Company following the Second Anglo-Sikh War.[1][7] At its peak in the mid-19th century the empire extended from Gilgit and Tibet in the north to the deserts of Sindh in the south and from the Khyber Pass in the west to the Sutlej in the east,[8][9] and was divided into eight provinces.[a][10] Religiously diverse, with an estimated population of 4.5 million in 1831 (making it the 19th most populous state at the time),[11] it was the last major region of the Indian subcontinent to be annexed by the British Empire.
In 1799, Ranjit Singh of Sukerchakia Misl captured Lahore from the Sikh triumvirate which had been ruling it since 1765, and was confirmed on the possession of Lahore by the Durrani ruler, Zaman Shah.[12] He was formally crowned on 12 April 1801 by Sahib Singh Bedi, a descendant of Guru Nanak.[13] Ranjit Singh rose to power in a very short period, from a leader of a single misl to finally becoming the Maharaja of Punjab. By 1813 all the remaining Sikh misls had been annexed by Ranjit Singh,[14] and the following years saw progressive expulsion of the Afghans from Punjab; the Afghan influence east of Indus ended after the fall of Multan in 1818. In the subsequent decades Durrani Afghans lost Kashmir and Peshawar to the Sikhs as well. By 1840 Ladakh and Baltistan had been conquered by Gulab Singh, then under Sikh suzerainty. Ranjit Singh modernised his army using the latest training as well as weapons and artillery.
After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1839, the empire was weakened by the British East India Company, stoking internal divisions and political mismanagement. Finally, in 1849, the state was dissolved after its defeat in the Second Anglo-Sikh War.
- ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 892.
- ^ Grewal 1998, p. 112: "The continuance of Persian as the language of administration.".
- ^ Fenech, Louis E. (2013). The Sikh Zafar-namah of Guru Gobind Singh: A Discursive Blade in the Heart of the Mughal Empire. Oxford University Press (US). p. 239. ISBN 978-0199931453. Archived from the original on 14 August 2024. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
We see such acquaintance clearly within the Sikh court of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, for example, the principal language of which was Persian.
- ^ a b Duggal, K. S. (1989). Ranjit Singh: A Secular Sikh Sovereign. Abhinav Publication. ISBN 978-8170-17244-4.[page needed]
- ^ Singh, Amarpal (2010). The First Anglo-Sikh War. Amberley Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-4456-2038-1. Archived from the original on 14 August 2024. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
By 1839, the year of his death, the Sikh kingdom extended from Tibet and Kashmir to Sind and from the Khyber Pass to the Himalayas in the east. It spanned 600 miles from east to west and 350 miles from north to south, comprising an area of just over 200,000 square miles.
- ^ Singh, Pashaura (2016). "Sikh Empire". The Encyclopedia of Empire. pp. 1–6. doi:10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe314. ISBN 978-1118455074. Archived from the original on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2021.
- ^ Grewal 1998.
- ^ Gupta 1991, p. 201.
- ^ Singh, Khushwant (2004). History of the Sikhs. Oxford University Press. p. viii. ISBN 978-0195673081.
- ^ Gupta 1991, pp. 334–336.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:12was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Gupta 1991, pp. 26–30.
- ^ The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism Archived 8 May 2014 at the Wayback Machine, section Sāhib Siṅgh Bedī, Bābā (1756–1834).
- ^ Gupta 1991, pp. 37–55.
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