Simultaneous hermaphroditism

Simultaneous hermaphroditism is one of the two types of hermaphroditism, the other type being sequential hermaphroditism. In this form of hermaphroditism an individual has sex organs of both sexes and can produce both gamete types^[1] even in the same breeding season.^[2]

The distinction between simultaneous hermaphroditism and sequential hermaphroditism is not always clear.^[3] But unlike sequential hermaphrodites, simultaneous hermaphrodites are both male and female at sexual maturity. Also sex determination does not apply to simultaneous hermaphrodites (except in species with mix mating systems).^[4] In simultaneous hermaphrodites, self-fertilization is possible in some species, where in others it is absent.^[5]

^ Cabej, Nelson R. (2013-04-01). Building the Most Complex Structure on Earth: An Epigenetic Narrative of Development and Evolution of Animals. Newnes. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-12-401729-0.
^ Charnov, Eric L. (2020-03-31). The Theory of Sex Allocation. (MPB-18), Volume 18. Princeton University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-691-21005-6.
^ Ponder, Winston Frank; Lindberg, David R.; Ponder, Juliet Mary (2019-11-18). Biology and Evolution of the Mollusca, Volume 1. CRC Press. p. 439. ISBN 978-1-351-11565-0.
^ Fusco, Giuseppe; Minelli, Alessandro (2019-10-10). The Biology of Reproduction. Cambridge University Press. pp. 299–300. ISBN 978-1-108-49985-9.
^ Rosenfield, Kevin A. (2018), "Hermaphrodite", in Vonk, Jennifer; Shackelford, Todd (eds.), Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–2, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_329-1, ISBN 978-3-319-47829-6, retrieved 2021-09-24

[1] Cabej, Nelson R. (2013-04-01). Building the Most Complex Structure on Earth: An Epigenetic Narrative of Development and Evolution of Animals. Newnes. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-12-401729-0.

[2] Charnov, Eric L. (2020-03-31). The Theory of Sex Allocation. (MPB-18), Volume 18. Princeton University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-691-21005-6.

[3] Ponder, Winston Frank; Lindberg, David R.; Ponder, Juliet Mary (2019-11-18). Biology and Evolution of the Mollusca, Volume 1. CRC Press. p. 439. ISBN 978-1-351-11565-0.

[4] Fusco, Giuseppe; Minelli, Alessandro (2019-10-10). The Biology of Reproduction. Cambridge University Press. pp. 299–300. ISBN 978-1-108-49985-9.

[Rosenfield-2018-5] Rosenfield, Kevin A. (2018), "Hermaphrodite", in Vonk, Jennifer; Shackelford, Todd (eds.), Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–2, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_329-1, ISBN 978-3-319-47829-6, retrieved 2021-09-24

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