Back عائلة سوموزا Arabic Somozové Czech Somoza-Clan German Familia Somoza Spanish Somoza familia Basque خانواده سوموزا Persian Somoza French Somoza család Hungarian Somoza (famiglia) Italian ソモサ Japanese
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| Somoza family Familia Somoza | |
|---|---|
 Anastasio Somoza García, founder of the Somoza family dictatorship | |
| Country | Nicaragua |
| Founded | 1 January 1936 |
| Founder | Anastasio Somoza García |
| Final ruler | Anastasio Somoza Debayle |
| Titles | President of Nicaragua Head of the National Guard |
| Members |
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| Connected members |
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| Deposition | 17 July 1979 |
The Somoza family (Spanish: Familia Somoza) is a political family which ruled Nicaragua under a dictatorship over a period of forty-three years, from 1936 to 1979. Founder, Anastasio Somoza García - who served as the President of Nicaragua from 1937 until 1956 - was succeeded by his two sons; the eldest, Luis Somoza Debayle from 1957 to 1963, and youngest, Anastasio Somoza Debayle, serving for two presidential terms between 1967–1972 and 1974–1979.[1] Although the Somozas did not hold the presidency for the full forty-three years, their political influence was continuously exacted via the installation of puppet presidents and ongoing control of the National Guard.[2][3]
While the Somoza family moved towards modernizing Nicaragua, their rule featured repression and inequality.[3][4] Over four decades, the Somoza family accumulated wealth through corporate bribes, land-grabbing and foreign-aid siphoning.[5] The family received support from the government of the United States, and the leadership styles of each Somoza president was different from one another.[2][6]
Ultimately, the Somoza family was overthrown by the socialist Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) during the Nicaraguan Revolution[7] of 1961–1990. Widespread discontent with the Somoza regime emerged following the Managua earthquake of 1972.[2][4] Anastasio Somoza Debayle declared himself the Head of the National Emergency Committee and used his power to participate in looting and in the mismanagement of international-aid funding.[4] Discomfort increased in the light of the rise of the Sandinista National Liberation Front and in response to the Somoza government's human-rights violations.[3][4] Various opposition groups emerged, and two key approaches to overthrow the dictatorship became clear. While the Broad Opposition Front (Spanish: Frente Amplio Opositor, FAO) attempted to reach a solution via negotiation, the FSLN pushed insurrection.[4] When negotiations failed, the insurrection movement, with military support from the Soviet Union through Cuba, launched a successful offensive into the cities, with human rights violations committed by the National Guard resulting in the Somoza government's international, political and military isolation.[3] On 17 July 1979, Anastasio Somoza Debayle resigned as President of Nicaragua, marking the end of the Somoza-family dictatorship.[4]
The family accumulated wealth through corporate bribes, industrial monopolies, land grabbing, and foreign aid siphoning.[5] By the 1970s, the family owned around 23 percent of the land in Nicaragua.[2][8] The Somoza's wealth is speculated to have reached approximately $533 million, which amounted to half of Nicaragua's debt and 33 percent of the country's 1979 GDP.[2][9]
- ^ Vilas, Carlos M. (May 1992). "Family Affairs: Class, Lineage and Politics in Contemporary Nicaragua". Journal of Latin American Studies. 24 (2): 309–341. doi:10.1017/s0022216x00023403. ISSN 0022-216X. S2CID 142988176.
- ^ a b c d e Cite error: The named reference
:2was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b c d Bulmer-Thomas, Victor (1990). "Nicaragua since 1930". In Bethell, Leslie (ed.). The Cambridge History of Latin America: Volume VII: 1930 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. pp. 317–366. ISBN 9781139055239.
- ^ a b c d e f Cite error: The named reference
:8was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b Cite error: The named reference
:0was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Christian, S. (1987). "Nicaragua and the United States". World Affairs. 149 (4): 177–182.
- ^ Francois, David (2019). Nicaragua, 1961–1990. Volume 1 : the Downfall of the Somosa Dictatorship. Helion & Company, Limited. ISBN 978-1-913118-41-9. OCLC 1101796058.
- ^ Clifford, Staten (2010). The History of Nicaragua. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-313-36038-1.
- ^ Birdsall, Nancy; Williamson, John; Deese, Brian (2002). Delivering on Debt Relief: From IMF Gold to a New Aid Architecture. Washington, D.C.: Peterson Institute. pp. 134. ISBN 0881323314.
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