South Korea

Republic of Korea 대한민국 (Korean) 大韓民國 (Hanja) Daehanminguk (RR)
Flag Emblem
Anthem: 애국가 Aegukga "The Patriotic Song"
National seal:
Territory controlled   Territory claimed but not controlled
Capital and largest city	Seoul 37°33′N 126°58′E / 37.550°N 126.967°E / 37.550; 126.967
Administrative center	Sejong City[a] 36°29′13″N 127°16′56″E / 36.487002°N 127.282234°E / 36.487002; 127.282234
Official languages	Korean (Pyojuneo) Korean Sign Language[1]
Official script	Hangul
Ethnic groups (2024)[2]	94.8% Korean 5.2% other
Religion (2024)[3]	51% no religion 31% Christianity[b] 17% Buddhism 2% other
Demonym(s)	South Korean Korean
Government	Unitary presidential republic
• President	Han Duck-soo (acting)
• Prime Minister	Han Duck-soo
• Speaker of the National Assembly	Woo Won-shik
• Chief Justice of the Supreme Court	Cho Hee-dae
• President of the Constitutional Court	Moon Hyungbae (acting)
Legislature	National Assembly
Establishment history
• Gojoseon	October 3, 2333 BCE (mythological)
• Three Kingdoms	57 BCE
• Balhae and Silla Kingdoms	668
• Goryeo dynasty	July 25, 918
• Joseon dynasty	August 13, 1392
• Korean Empire	October 12, 1897
• Japanese annexation	August 29, 1910
• Independence from Japan declared	March 1, 1919
• Provisional Government	April 11, 1919
• Liberation from Japanese occupation	August 15, 1945
• US administration of Korea south of the 38th parallel	September 8, 1945
• ROK established	August 15, 1948
• Current constitution	February 25, 1988
Area
• Excl. North Korea	100,363[4][5][6] km2 (38,750 sq mi) (107th)
• Water (%)	0.3
Population
• 2024 estimate	52,081,799[7] (28th)
• Density	507/km2 (1,313.1/sq mi) (15th)
GDP (PPP)	2024 estimate
• Total	$3.258 trillion[8] (14th)
• Per capita	$62,960[8] (28th)
GDP (nominal)	2024 estimate
• Total	$1.948 trillion[8] (12th)
• Per capita	$37,675[8] (28th)
Gini (2021)	33.3[6] medium inequality
HDI (2022)	0.929[9] very high (19th)
Currency	Korean Republic won (₩) (KRW)
Time zone	UTC+9 (Korea Standard Time)
Date format	yyyy년 m월 d일 yyyy. m. d. (CE)
Calling code	+82
ISO 3166 code	KR
Internet TLD	.kr .한국

South Korea,^[c] officially the Republic of Korea (ROK),^[d] is a country in East Asia. It constitutes the southern half of the Korean Peninsula and borders North Korea along the Korean Demilitarized Zone, with the Yellow Sea to the west and the Sea of Japan to the east. Like North Korea, South Korea claims to be the sole legitimate government of the entire peninsula and adjacent islands. It has a population of 51.71 million, of which half live in the Seoul Metropolitan Area, the ninth most populous metropolitan area in the world; other major cities include Busan, Daegu, and Incheon.

The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the Lower Paleolithic period. Its first kingdom was noted in Chinese records in the early seventh century BCE. From the mid first century BCE,^[10] various polities consolidated into the rival kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla, with the lattermost unifying the peninsula for the first time in the late seventh century CE. The Goryeo dynasty (918–1392) achieved lasting unification and established the basis for modern Korean identity. The subsequent Joseon dynasty (1392–1897) saw the height of cultural, economic, and scientific achievement as well as prolonged peace and isolationism from the mid 17th century. The succeeding Korean Empire (1897–1910) sought modernization and reform by was annexed in 1910 into the Empire of Japan. Japanese rule ended following Japan's surrender in World War II, after which Korea was divided into two zones: a northern zone, which was occupied by the Soviet Union, and a southern zone, which was occupied by the United States. After negotiations on reunification failed, the southern zone became the Republic of Korea in August 1948, while the northern zone became the communist Democratic People's Republic of Korea the following month.

In 1950, a North Korean invasion triggered the Korean War, one of the first major proxy conflicts of the Cold War, which saw extensive fighting involving the American-led United Nations Command and the Soviet-backed People's Volunteer Army from China. The war ended in 1953 with an armistice but no peace treaty, leading to the ongoing Korean conflict, and left three million Koreans dead and the economy in ruins. South Korea endured a series of dictatorships punctuated by coups, revolutions, and violent uprisings, but also experienced a soaring economy and one of the fastest rises in average GDP per capita, leading to its emergence as one of the Four Asian Tigers. The June Democratic Struggle of 1987 ended authoritarian rule and led to the establishment of the current Sixth Republic.

South Korea is now considered among the most advanced democracies in continental and East Asia. Under the 1987 constitution, it maintains a unitary presidential republic with a popularly elected unicameral legislature, the National Assembly. South Korea is a major non-NATO ally of the United States and is regarded as a regional power in East Asia and an emerging power in global affairs; its conscription-based armed forces are ranked as one of the strongest in the world and have the second highest number of military and paramilitary personnel. A highly developed country, South Korea's economy is ranked 12th and 14th largest in the world by nominal GDP and PPP-adjusted GDP, respectively; it is the world's eleventh-largest exporter and seventh-largest importer.

South Korea performs well in metrics of education, human development, democratic governance, and innovation. Its citizens enjoy one of the world's longest life expectances and access to some of the fastest Internet connection speeds and densest high-speed railway networks. Since the turn of the 21st century, the country has been renowned for its globally influential pop culture, particularly in music, TV dramas, and cinema, a phenomenon referred to as the Korean Wave. South Korea is a member of the OECD's Development Assistance Committee, the G20, the IPEF, and the Paris Club.

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