Sphingomonas

Sphingomonas
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Pseudomonadota
Class:	Alphaproteobacteria
Order:	Sphingomonadales
Family:	Sphingomonadaceae
Genus:	Sphingomonas Yabuuchi et al., 1990
Species
Sphingomonas abaci Sphingomonas abikonensis Sphingomonas adhaesiva Sphingomonas aerolata Sphingomonas aerophila[1] Sphingomonas aestuarii Sphingomonas alaskensis Sphingomonas alpina Sphingomonas aquatilis Sphingomonas aromaticivorans Sphingomonas asaccharolytica Sphingomonas astaxanthinifaciens Sphingomonas aurantiaca Sphingomonas azotifigens Sphingomonas baekryungensis Sphingomonas capsulata Sphingomonas canadensis[1] Sphingomonas changbaiensis Sphingomonas chlorophenolica Sphingomonas chungbukensis Sphingomonas cloacae Sphingomonas cynarae Sphingomonas daechungensis[1] Sphingomonas desiccabilis Sphingomonas dokdonensis Sphingomonas echinoides Sphingomonas elodea Sphingomonas endophytica Sphingomonas faeni Sphingomonas fennica Sphingomonas flava[1] Sphingomonas formosensis Sphingomonas gei[1] Sphingomonas gimensis[1] Sphingomonas ginsengisoli Sphingomonas ginsenosidimutans Sphingomonas glacialis Sphingomonas guangdongensis[1] Sphingomonas haloaromaticamans Sphingomonas hankookensis Sphingomonas herbicidovorans Sphingomonas histidinilytica Sphingomonas indica Sphingomonas insulae Sphingomonas japonica Sphingomonas jaspsi Sphingomonas jejuensis Sphingomonas jinjuensis Sphingomonas kaistensis Sphingomonas koreensis Sphingomonas kyeonggiensis[1] Sphingomonas kyungheensis[1] Sphingomonas lacus[1] Sphingomonas laterariae Sphingomonas leidyi Sphingomonas macrogoltabidus Sphingomonas mali Sphingomonas melonis Sphingomonas molluscorum Sphingomonas morindae[1] Sphingomonas mucosissima Sphingomonas naasensis[1] Sphingomonas natatoria Sphingomonas oligoaromativorans[1] Sphingomonas oligophenolica Sphingomonas oryziterrae Sphingomonas panni Sphingomonas parapaucimobilis Sphingomonas paucimobilis Sphingomonas phyllosphaerae Sphingomonas pituitosa Sphingomonas polyaromaticivorans Sphingomonas pruni Sphingomonas pseudosanguinis[1] Sphingomonas psychrolutea[1] Sphingomonas rosa Sphingomonas roseiflava Sphingomonas rubra Sphingomonas sanguinis Sphingomonas sanxanigenens Sphingomonas sediminicola Sphingomonas soli Sphingomonas starnbergensis Sphingomonas stygia Sphingomonas subarctica Sphingomonas suberifaciens Sphingomonas subterranea Sphingomonas taejonensis Sphingomonas terrae Sphingomonas trueperi Sphingomonas ursincola Sphingomonas vulcanisoli[1] Sphingomonas wittichii Sphingomonas xenophaga Sphingomonas xinjiangensis[1] Sphingomonas yabuuchiae Sphingomonas yantingensis[1] Sphingomonas yanoikuyae Sphingomonas yunnanensis Sphingomonas zeae[1]

Sphingomonas was defined in 1990 as a group of Gram-negative, rod-shaped, chemoheterotrophic, strictly aerobic bacteria. They possess ubiquinone 10 as their major respiratory quinone, contain glycosphingolipids (GSLs), specifically ceramide, instead of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in their cell envelopes, and typically produce yellow-pigmented colonies. The GSL serves to protect the bacteria from antibacterial substances. Unlike most Gram-negative bacteria, Sphingomonas cannot carry endotoxins due to the lack of lipopolysaccharides, and has a hydrophobic surface characterized by the short nature of the GSL's carbohydrate portion.^[2]

By 2001, the genus included more than 20 species that were quite diverse in terms of their phylogenetic, ecological, and physiological properties. As a result, Sphingomonas was subdivided into different genera: Sphingomonas, Sphingobium, Novosphingobium, Sphingosinicella, and Sphingopyxis. These genera are commonly referred to collectively as sphingomonads. Distinct from other sphingomonads, Sphingomonas genomic structure includes a unique lipid formation, major 2-OH fatty acids, homospermidine as the primary polyamine, and signature nucleotide bases within the 16S rRNA gene. The bacteria holds 3914 proteins, 70 organizational RNA, and 3,948,000 base pairs (incomplete observation).^[2]