Spring and Autumn period

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The Spring and Autumn period in Chinese history lasted approximately from 770 to 481 BCE^[1][a] which corresponds roughly to the first half of the Eastern Zhou period. The period's name^[b] derives from the Spring and Autumn Annals, a chronicle of the state of Lu between 722 and 481 BCE, which tradition associates with Confucius (551–479 BCE).

During this period, royal control over the various local polities eroded as regional lords increasingly exercised political autonomy, negotiating their own alliances, waging wars amongst themselves, up to defying the king's court in Luoyi. The gradual Partition of Jin, one of the most powerful states, is generally considered to mark the end of the Spring and Autumn period and the beginning of the Warring States period. This periodization dates back to late Western Han, c. 48 BCE – c. 9 CE.^[9]

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