Striped hyena

Striped hyena; Temporal range: Middle Pleistocene – Recent
Conservation status
	; Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Suborder:	Feliformia
Family:	Hyaenidae
Subfamily:	Hyaeninae
Genus:	Hyaena; Brisson, 1762
Species:	H. hyaena
Binomial name
	Hyaena hyaena; (Linnaeus, 1758)
	Striped hyena range
Synonyms
	List Canis hyaena Linnaeus, 1758 ; Hyaena antiquorum (Temminck, 1820) ; Hyaena barbara de Blainville, 1844 ; Hyaena bergeri Matschie, 1910 ; Hyaena bilkiewiczi Satunin, 1905 ; Hyaena bokcharensis Satunin, 1905 ; Hyaena dubbah Meyer, 1793 ; Hyaena dubia Schinz, 1821 ; Hyaena fasciata Thunberg, 1820 ; Hyaena hienomelas Matschie, 1900 ; Hyaena hyaenomelas (Bruce In Desmarest, 1820) ; Hyaena indica de Blainville, 1844 ; Hyaena orientalis Tiedemann, 1808 ; Hyaena rendilis Lönnberg, 1912 ; Hyaena satunini Matschie, 1910 ; Hyaena schillingsi Matschie, 1900 ; Hyaena striata Zimmermann, 1777 ; Hyaena suilla Filippi, 1853 ; Hyaena sultana Pocock, 1934 ; Hyaena syriaca Matschie, 1900 ; Hyaena virgata Ogilby, 1840 ; Hyaena vulgaris Desmarest, 1820 ; Hyaena zarudnyi Satunin, 1905 ;

The striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena) is a species of hyena native to North and East Africa, the Middle East, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and the Indian subcontinent. It is the only extant species in the genus Hyaena. It is listed by the IUCN as near-threatened, as the global population is estimated to be under 10,000 mature individuals which continues to experience deliberate and incidental persecution along with a decrease in its prey base such that it may come close to meeting a continuing decline of 10% over the next three generations.^[1]

It is the smallest of the bone-cracking hyenas and retains many primitive viverrid-like characteristics lost in larger species,^[4] having a smaller and less specialised skull.^[5]^[6] Though primarily a scavenger, large specimens have been known to kill their own prey,^[7] and attacks on humans have occurred in rare instances.^[8] The striped hyena is a monogamous animal, with both males and females assisting one another in raising their cubs.^[9] A nocturnal animal, the striped hyena typically only emerges in complete darkness, and is quick to return to its lair before sunrise.^[10] Although it has a habit of feigning death when attacked, it has been known to stand its ground against larger predators in disputes over food.^[11]

The striped hyena features prominently in Middle Eastern and Asian folklore. In some areas, its body parts are considered magical, and are used as charms or talismans.^[12] It is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, where it is referred to as tzebua or zevoa, though it is absent in some Bible translations into English.^[13] Ancient Greeks knew it as γλάνος (glános) and ύαινα (húaina) and were familiar with it from the Aegean coast of Asia Minor.^[14] The striped hyena is the national animal of Lebanon.^[15]

^ ^a ^b AbiSaid, M.; Dloniak, S.M.D. (2015). "Hyaena hyaena". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T10274A45195080. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T10274A45195080.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
^ Linnæus, C. (1758). Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I (in Latin) (Tenth ed.). Holmiæ (Stockholm): Laurentius Salvius. p. 40. Archived from the original on 2012-11-08. Retrieved 2018-01-14.
^ Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). "Hyaena hyaena". Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
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^ Αριστοτέλης 4th century BCE: Των περί τα ζώα ιστοριών.
^ "What is the National Animal of Lebanon?". WorldAtlas. 20 August 2018. Archived from the original on 2020-03-18. Retrieved 2020-03-18.

[iucn-1] AbiSaid, M.; Dloniak, S.M.D. (2015). "Hyaena hyaena". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T10274A45195080. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T10274A45195080.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.

[2] Linnæus, C. (1758). Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I (in Latin) (Tenth ed.). Holmiæ (Stockholm): Laurentius Salvius. p. 40. Archived from the original on 2012-11-08. Retrieved 2018-01-14.

[MSW3-3] Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). "Hyaena hyaena". Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

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[14] Αριστοτέλης 4th century BCE: Των περί τα ζώα ιστοριών.

[15] "What is the National Animal of Lebanon?". WorldAtlas. 20 August 2018. Archived from the original on 2020-03-18. Retrieved 2020-03-18.

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Striped hyena Temporal range: Middle Pleistocene – Recent

Conservation status
Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1)^[1]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Suborder:	Feliformia
Family:	Hyaenidae
Subfamily:	Hyaeninae
Genus:	Hyaena Brisson, 1762
Species:	H. hyaena
Binomial name
*Hyaena hyaena* (Linnaeus, 1758) ^[2]

Striped hyena range
Synonyms^[3]
List Canis hyaena Linnaeus, 1758 Hyaena antiquorum (Temminck, 1820) Hyaena barbara de Blainville, 1844 Hyaena bergeri Matschie, 1910 Hyaena bilkiewiczi Satunin, 1905 Hyaena bokcharensis Satunin, 1905 Hyaena dubbah Meyer, 1793 Hyaena dubia Schinz, 1821 Hyaena fasciata Thunberg, 1820 Hyaena hienomelas Matschie, 1900 Hyaena hyaenomelas (Bruce In Desmarest, 1820) Hyaena indica de Blainville, 1844 Hyaena orientalis Tiedemann, 1808 Hyaena rendilis Lönnberg, 1912 Hyaena satunini Matschie, 1910 Hyaena schillingsi Matschie, 1900 Hyaena striata Zimmermann, 1777 Hyaena suilla Filippi, 1853 Hyaena sultana Pocock, 1934 Hyaena syriaca Matschie, 1900 Hyaena virgata Ogilby, 1840 Hyaena vulgaris Desmarest, 1820 Hyaena zarudnyi Satunin, 1905