Subglacial stream

Subglacial streams are conduits of glacial meltwater that flow at the base of glaciers and ice caps.^[1] Meltwater from the glacial surface travels downward throughout the glacier, forming an englacial drainage system consisting of a network of passages that eventually reach the bedrock below, where they form subglacial streams.^[1] Subglacial streams form a system of tunnels and interlinked cavities and conduits, with water flowing under extreme pressures from the ice above; as a result, flow direction is determined by the pressure gradient from the ice and the topography of the bed rather than gravity.^[1] Subglacial streams form a dynamic system that is responsive to changing conditions, and the system can change significantly in response to seasonal variation in meltwater and temperature.^[2] Water from subglacial streams is routed towards the glacial terminus, where it exits the glacier.^[2] Discharge from subglacial streams can have a significant impact on local, and in some cases global, environmental and geological conditions.^[3] Sediments, nutrients, and organic matter contained in the meltwater can all influence downstream and marine conditions.^[4] Climate change may have a significant impact on subglacial stream systems, increasing the volume of meltwater entering subglacial drainage systems and influencing their hydrology.^[2]

^ ^a ^b ^c [1] Hooke, Roger LeB. “Englacial and Subglacial Hydrology: A Qualitative Review.” Arctic and Alpine Research 21, no. 3 (August 1, 1989): 221–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/00040851.1989.12002734.
^ ^a ^b ^c Cite error: The named reference hubbard was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference stevenson was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ [2] Ren, Ze, Nicolas Martyniuk, Isabella A. Oleksy, Anshuman Swain, and Scott Hotaling. “Ecological Stoichiometry of the Mountain Cryosphere.” Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 7 (2019). https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fevo.2019.00360.

[hooke-1] [1] Hooke, Roger LeB. “Englacial and Subglacial Hydrology: A Qualitative Review.” Arctic and Alpine Research 21, no. 3 (August 1, 1989): 221–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/00040851.1989.12002734.

[hubbard-2] Cite error: The named reference hubbard was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[stevenson-3] Cite error: The named reference stevenson was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[ren-4] [2] Ren, Ze, Nicolas Martyniuk, Isabella A. Oleksy, Anshuman Swain, and Scott Hotaling. “Ecological Stoichiometry of the Mountain Cryosphere.” Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 7 (2019). https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fevo.2019.00360.

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