Subhi al-Tufayli

Subhi al-Tufayli
Subhi al-Tufayli
صبحي الطفيلي
	al-Tufayli in 1979
Secretary-General of Hezbollah
	In office; 1989–1991
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Abbas al-Musawi
Personal details
Born	1948 (age 75–76); Brital, Lebanon

Subhi al-Tufayli (Arabic: صبحي الطفيلي; born 1948) was a senior Lebanese Shi'ite cleric and politician who founded the Hezbollah militant group in 1982 and was its first Secretary-General from 1989 until 1991. From a comparatively young age, Tufayli achieved popular following amongst Lebanese Shi'ite community, who viewed him as the most learned Shi'ite scholar in the Beqaa Valley.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

Al-Tufayli is a Shia Islamist, but is a very vocal critic of Iran and the current Hezbollah leadership. Tufayli's split with Hezbollah arose during 1990s after the death of co-founder Abbas al-Mousavi, when the faction of Hassan Nasrallah favoured by Iran began to emerge dominant.^[5]^[6] The main dispute was over Tufayli's insistence on shunning Lebanese politics and instead focus on fighting armed insurgency against Israel, which the Nasrallah faction downplayed.^[7]^[8] After violent confrontations between Tufayli's followers and Hezbollah members, he was expelled from Hezbollah in 1998.^[9]

The cleric has since been active as a fierce opponent of Hezbollah and Iran; and has urged his followers to stand against Iranian hegemony in the region.^[10]^[11]^[12]

^ Elie Alagha, Joseph (2011). Hizbullah's Documents: From the 1985 Open Letter to the 2009 Manifesto. Pallas Publications. pp. 22, 23. ISBN 978-90-8555-037-2.
^ Ranstorp, Magnus (1997). Hizb'Allah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 35, 36. doi:10.1057/9780230377509. ISBN 978-0-333-68401-6.
^ Reich, Walter; Kramer, Martin (1998). "8: The moral logic of Hezbollah". Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind. Washington DC, USA: Woodrow Wilson Center Press. p. 138. ISBN 0-943875-89-7.
^ M. Shaw, J. Demy, Jeffrey, Timothy (2017). War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict. ABC-CLIO. p. 339. ISBN 978-1-61069-516-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Elie Alagha, Joseph (2011). Hizbullah's Documents: From the 1985 Open Letter to the 2009 Manifesto. Pallas Publications. pp. 22, 23. ISBN 978-90-8555-037-2.
^ al-Aloosy, Massaab (2020). The changing ideology of Hezbollah. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 77, 78. ISBN 978-3-030-34846-5.
^ Ranstorp, Magnus (1997). Hizb'Allah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 35, 36. doi:10.1057/9780230377509. ISBN 978-0-333-68401-6.
^ al-Aloosy, Massaab (2020). The changing ideology of Hezbollah. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 77, 78. ISBN 978-3-030-34846-5.
^ al-Aloosy, Massaab (2020). The changing ideology of Hezbollah. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 78. ISBN 978-3-030-34846-5.
^ "Pressure intensifies on Lebanese Hizbullah as top Shia clerics speak out". Diyaruna. 2021. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023.
^ Kawas, Mohamed (8 May 2016). "Former Hezbollah chief: 'Tehran is only investing in Lebanon's Shia to serve its own interests'". The Arab Weekly. Archived from the original on 18 June 2021.
^ El-Bar, Karim (30 December 2016). "'They exploited sectarianism': Former Hezbollah leader Tufayli talks Iran, Syria". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021.

[1] Elie Alagha, Joseph (2011). Hizbullah's Documents: From the 1985 Open Letter to the 2009 Manifesto. Pallas Publications. pp. 22, 23. ISBN 978-90-8555-037-2.

[2] Ranstorp, Magnus (1997). Hizb'Allah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 35, 36. doi:10.1057/9780230377509. ISBN 978-0-333-68401-6.

[3] Reich, Walter; Kramer, Martin (1998). "8: The moral logic of Hezbollah". Origins of Terrorism: Psychologies, Ideologies, Theologies, States of Mind. Washington DC, USA: Woodrow Wilson Center Press. p. 138. ISBN 0-943875-89-7.

[4] M. Shaw, J. Demy, Jeffrey, Timothy (2017). War and Religion: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict. ABC-CLIO. p. 339. ISBN 978-1-61069-516-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[5] Elie Alagha, Joseph (2011). Hizbullah's Documents: From the 1985 Open Letter to the 2009 Manifesto. Pallas Publications. pp. 22, 23. ISBN 978-90-8555-037-2.

[6] -Aloosy, Massaab (2020). The changing ideology of Hezbollah. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 77, 78. ISBN 978-3-030-34846-5.

[7] Ranstorp, Magnus (1997). Hizb'Allah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 35, 36. doi:10.1057/9780230377509. ISBN 978-0-333-68401-6.

[8] -Aloosy, Massaab (2020). The changing ideology of Hezbollah. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 77, 78. ISBN 978-3-030-34846-5.

[9] -Aloosy, Massaab (2020). The changing ideology of Hezbollah. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 78. ISBN 978-3-030-34846-5.

[10] "Pressure intensifies on Lebanese Hizbullah as top Shia clerics speak out". Diyaruna. 2021. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023.

[11] Kawas, Mohamed (8 May 2016). "Former Hezbollah chief: 'Tehran is only investing in Lebanon's Shia to serve its own interests'". The Arab Weekly. Archived from the original on 18 June 2021.

[12] El-Bar, Karim (30 December 2016). "'They exploited sectarianism': Former Hezbollah leader Tufayli talks Iran, Syria". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 20 October 2021.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]