Qtub Shahi Dynasty of Golconda | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1518–1687 | |||||||||||||
Flag of the Qutb Shahis | |||||||||||||
Capital | Golconda (1519–1591) Hyderabad (1591–1687) | ||||||||||||
Common languages | Persian (official)[2] Telugu (official after 1600)[3] Deccani Urdu | ||||||||||||
Religion | Shia Islam | ||||||||||||
Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||||
Qutb Shah | |||||||||||||
• 1512–1543 | Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk | ||||||||||||
• 1543–1550 | Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah | ||||||||||||
• 1550–1550 | Subhan Quli Qutb Shah | ||||||||||||
• 1550–1580 | Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah | ||||||||||||
• 1580–1612 | Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah | ||||||||||||
• 1612–1626 | Sultan Muhammad Qutb Shah | ||||||||||||
• 1626–1672 | Abdullah Qutb Shah | ||||||||||||
• 1672–1687 | Abul Hasan Qutb Shah | ||||||||||||
History | |||||||||||||
• Established | 1518 | ||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1687 | ||||||||||||
Currency | Mohur, Tanka | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
Today part of | India |
The Sultanate of Golconda (Persian: Saltanat-e Golconde; Urdu: Saltanat-e Golcunḍa) was an early modern kingdom in southern India,[4][5][6][7] ruled by the Persianate,[8] Shia Islamic Qutb Shahi dynasty[a] of Turkoman origin.[9][10] After the collapse of the Bahmani Sultanate, the Qutb Shahi dynasty was established in 1512 by Quli Qutb Shah, as one of the five Deccan sultanates.
The kingdom extended from parts of the modern-day Indian states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and Telangana.[11] The Golconda sultanate was constantly in conflict with the Adil Shahis and Nizam Shahis, which it shared borders with in the seventeenth century to the west and northwest.[12] In 1636, Mughal emperor Shah Jahan forced the Qutb Shahis to recognize Mughal suzerainty and pay periodic tributes. The dynasty came to an end in 1687 during the reign of its seventh sultan Abul Hasan Qutb Shah, when the Mughal ruler Aurangzeb arrested and jailed Abul Hasan for the rest of his life in Daulatabad, incorporating Golconda into the Mughal empire.[13][14][12]
The Qutb Shahis were patrons of Persianate Shia culture.[14][5] The official and court language of the Golconda sultanate during the first 90 years of its existence (c. 1512 – 1600) was also Persian. In the early 17th century, however, the Telugu language was elevated to the status of the Persian language, while towards the end of the Qut Shahis' rule, it was the primary court language with Persian used occasionally in official documents. According to Indologist Richard Eaton, as Qutb Shahis adopted Telugu, they started seeing their polity as the Telugu-speaking state, with the elites of the sultanate viewing their rulers as "Telugu Sultans".[15]
Ibrahim Qutb Shah encouraged the growth of Telugu and his successor Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah patronized and himself wrote poetry in Telugu and Dakhni. Abdullah Qutb Shah instituted a special office to prepare the royal edicts in Telugu (dabiri-ye foramina-i Hindavi). While administrative and revenue papers at local levels in the Qutb Shahi Sultanate were prepared largely in Telugu, the royal edicts were often bilingual. '06 The last Qutb Shahi Sultan, Abul Hasan Tana Shah, sometimes issued his orders only in Telugu, with a Persian summary given on the back of the farmans.
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The Qutb Shahi dynasty was the ruling family of the sultanate of Golkonda in southern India. They were Shia Muslims and belonged to a Turkmen tribe.
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