![]() The Sun, filmed through a clear solar filter | |
Names | Sun, Sol,[1] Sól, Helios[2] |
---|---|
Adjectives | Solar[3] |
Symbol | ![]() |
Observation data | |
Mean distance from Earth | 1 AU 149,600,000 km 8 min 19 s, light speed[4] |
−26.74 (V)[5] | |
4.83[5] | |
G2V[6] | |
Metallicity | Z = 0.0122[7] |
Angular size | 0.527–0.545°[8] |
Orbital characteristics | |
Mean distance from Milky Way core | 24,000 to 28,000 light-years[9] |
Galactic period | 225–250 million years |
Velocity |
|
Obliquity |
|
Right ascension North pole | 286.13° (286° 7′ 48″)[5] |
Declination of North pole | +63.87° (63° 52′ 12"N)[5] |
Sidereal rotation period |
|
Equatorial rotation velocity | 1.997 km/s[11] |
Physical characteristics | |
Equatorial radius | 6.957 x 108 m[12] 109 × Earth radii[11] |
Flattening | 0.00005[5] |
Surface area | 6.09×1012 km2 12,000 × Earth[11] |
Volume |
|
Mass | |
Average density | 1.408 g/cm3 0.255 × Earth[5][11] |
Age | 4.6 billion years[13][14] |
Equatorial surface gravity | 274 m/s2[5] 27.9 g0[11] |
≈0.070[5] | |
Surface escape velocity | 617.7 km/s 55 × Earth[11] |
Temperature |
|
Luminosity | |
Color (B-V) | 0.656[15] |
Mean radiance | 2.009×107 W·m−2·sr−1 |
Photosphere composition by mass |
The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System. It is a massive, nearly perfect sphere of hot plasma, heated to incandescence by nuclear fusion reactions in its core, radiating the energy from its surface mainly as visible light and infrared radiation with 10% at ultraviolet energies. It is by far the most important source of energy for life on Earth. The Sun has been an object of veneration in many cultures. It has been a central subject for astronomical research since antiquity.
The Sun orbits the Galactic Center at a distance of 24,000 to 28,000 light-years. From Earth, it is 1 astronomical unit (1.496×108 km) or about 8 light-minutes away. Its diameter is about 1,391,400 km (864,600 mi), 109 times that of Earth. Its mass is about 330,000 times that of Earth, making up about 99.86% of the total mass of the Solar System. Roughly three-quarters of the Sun's mass consists of hydrogen (~73%); the rest is mostly helium (~25%), with much smaller quantities of heavier elements, including oxygen, carbon, neon, and iron.
The Sun is a G-type main-sequence star (G2V), informally called a yellow dwarf, though its light is actually white. It formed approximately 4.6 billion[a] years ago from the gravitational collapse of matter within a region of a large molecular cloud. Most of this matter gathered in the center, whereas the rest flattened into an orbiting disk that became the Solar System. The central mass became so hot and dense that it eventually initiated nuclear fusion in its core. Every second, the Sun's core fuses about 600 billion kilograms (kg) of hydrogen into helium and converts 4 billion kg of matter into energy.
About 4 to 7 billion years from now, when hydrogen fusion in the Sun's core diminishes to the point where the Sun is no longer in hydrostatic equilibrium, its core will undergo a marked increase in density and temperature which will cause its outer layers to expand, eventually transforming the Sun into a red giant. This process will make the Sun large enough to render Earth uninhabitable approximately five billion years from the present. After the red giant phase, models suggest the Sun will shed its outer layers and become a dense type of cooling star (a white dwarf), and no longer produce energy by fusion, but it will still glow and give off heat from its previous fusion for perhaps trillions of years. After that, it is theorized to become a super dense black dwarf, giving off negligible energy.
OED
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).Lexico
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).OED2
was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha>
tags or {{efn}}
templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
template or {{notelist}}
template (see the help page).
© MMXXIII Rich X Search. We shall prevail. All rights reserved. Rich X Search