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Syriac Orthodox Church

For other uses, see Jacobite.
"Syrian Orthodox" redirects here. For other uses, see Syrian Orthodox (disambiguation).


Syriac Orthodox Church
ܥܺܕܬܳܐ ܣܽܘ̣ܪܝܳܝܬܳܐ ܗܰܝܡܳܢܽܘܬܳܐ ܬܪܺܝܨܰܬ ܫܽܘ̣ܒ̣ܚܳܐ (Classical Syriac)
Cathedral of Saint George
Cathedral of Saint George, Damascus, Syria
ClassificationOriental Orthodox
OrientationSyriac
ScripturePeshitta
TheologyOriental Orthodox theology
PolityEpiscopal
StructureCommunion
PatriarchIgnatius Aphrem II
RegionMiddle East, India, and diaspora
LanguageClassical Syriac
LiturgyWest Syriac: Liturgy of Saint James
HeadquartersCathedral of St. George, Damascus, Syria (since 1959)
Origin1st century[1][2][3]
Antioch, Roman Empire[4][5]
Independence512[6][7][8]
Branched fromChurch of Antioch[9]
MembersApproximately 1.4–1.7 million (2015, including India)[10][11]
Aid organizationEPDC St. Ephrem Patriarchal Development Committee[12]
Other name(s)Arabic: الكنيسة السريانية الأرثوذكسية
Malayalam: സുറിയാനി ഓർത്തഡോക്സ് സഭ, romanized: Suriyāni ōrtḥdōx Sabḥa[13]
Official websiteSyriac Orthodox Patriarchate
Digital LibraryDepartment of Syriac Studies
*Origin is according to Sacred tradition.
West Syriac Cross Unicode (U+2670) : ♰
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The Syriac Orthodox Church[a] (Classical Syriac: ܥܺܕܬܳܐ ܣܽܘܪܝܳܝܬܳܐ ܬܪܺܝܨܰܬ݂ ܫܽܘܒܚܳܐ, romanized: ʿIdto Sūryoyto Trīṣath Shubḥo),[15] informally known as the Jacobite Church[16] is an Oriental Orthodox church that developed from the Church of Antioch. The church has around 1.4–1.7 million followers.[17][18] The church upholds the Miaphysite doctrine in Christology and employs the Liturgy of Saint James, associated with James the Just.[19] Classical Syriac is the official and liturgical language of the church.

The supreme head of the Syriac Orthodox Church is the Patriarch of Antioch, a bishop who, according to sacred tradition, continues the leadership passed down from Saint Peter.[20][21] Since 2014, Ignatius Aphrem II has served as the Patriarch of Antioch. Mor Hananyo Monastery was the headquarters of the church from c. 1160 until 1932.[22] Since 1959, The current see of the church is the Cathedral of Saint George in Bab Tuma, Damascus, Syria.[23][24]

The Syriac Orthodox Church comprises 26 archdioceses and 13 patriarchal vicariates.[25] It also has an autonomous maphrianate based in India, the Jacobite Syrian Christian Church.[18]

The Syriac Orthodox Church became distinct in 512 when Severus the Great, a leader who opposed the Council of Chalcedon, was chosen as patriarch after a synod was held at Laodicea, Syria.[26][27] This happened after Emperor Anastasius I removed the previous patriarch, Flavian II, who supported Chalcedon.[28] Severus's later removal in 518 was not recognized by some and this led to the establishment of an independent Miaphysite patriarchate headed by Severus. In the 6th century, a bishop named Jacob Baradaeus helped strengthen this independent patriarchate.[29][30][31] Meanwhile, those who supported Chalcedon formed what later became the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch and the Maronite Church.

  1. ^ Chaillot 1998, pp. 21–22.
  2. ^ Beggiani, Seely J. (2014). Early Syriac Theology. CUA Press. ISBN 978-0-8132-2701-6. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  3. ^ Simon, Thomas Collins (1862). The Mission and Martyrdom of St. Peter: Or, Did St. Peter Ever Leave the East? Containing the Original Text of All the Passages in Ancient Writers Supposed to Imply a Journey Into Europe, with Translations and Roman-catholic Comments ... by Thomas Collyns Simon. Rivingtons. p. 70.
  4. ^ "Cave Church of St. Peter – Antioch, Turkey". www.sacred-destinations.com. Archived from the original on 20 May 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  5. ^ "BBC – Religions – Christianity: Eastern Orthodox Church". www.bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 10 May 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2018.
  6. ^ Bowersock, Glen Warren (1999). Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World. Harvard University Press. p. 587. ISBN 978-0-674-51173-6.
  7. ^ Rassam, Suha (2005). Christianity in Iraq: Its Origins and Development to the Present Day. Gracewing Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85244-633-1. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  8. ^ Jeppesen, Knud; Nielsen, Kirsten; Rosendal, Bent (1994). In the Last Days: On Jewish and Christian Apocalyptic and Its Period. Aarhus University Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-87-7288-471-4.
  9. ^ "Catholic Encyclopedia : Church of Antioch". www.newadvent.org. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 16 December 2018.
  10. ^ "CNEWA – The Syrian Orthodox Church". cnewa.org. Archived from the original on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
  11. ^ "Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East – World Council of Churches". oikoumene.org. January 1960. Archived from the original on 8 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2019.
  12. ^ "St. Ephrem Patriarchal Development Committee". Humanitarian Aid Relief Trust. 17 February 2023. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  13. ^ السريانية الأرثوذكسية. Reverso Context. Archived from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
  14. ^ "Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East". World Council of Churches. January 1960. Archived from the original on 6 February 2021. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
  15. ^ "Sfar Mele – Deutsch Aramäisch Online Wörterbuch Übersetzer – Targmono". sfarmele.de. Archived from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  16. ^ Seleznyov 2013, pp. 382–398.
  17. ^ "Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East | History, Beliefs & Structure | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 5 January 2025. Retrieved 28 January 2025.
  18. ^ a b Murre-van den Berg, Heleen (2011), "Syriac Orthodox Church", The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, doi:10.1002/9780470670606.wbecc1344, ISBN 978-0-470-67060-6, retrieved 28 January 2025
  19. ^ "Saint James apostle, the Lord's brother". Encyclopedia Britannica. 16 June 2023. Archived from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
  20. ^ Gregorios, Paulos (1999). Introducing the Orthodox Churches. ISPCK. ISBN 978-81-7214-487-6. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  21. ^ O'Connor, Daniel William (2019). "Saint Peter the Apostle". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. p. 5. Archived from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  22. ^ Markessini 2012, p. 31
  23. ^ "The Hidden Pearl: The Syrian Orthodox Church and Its Ancient Aramaic Heritage". Trans World Film Italia. 2018. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2018 – via Google Books.
  24. ^ Atiya, Aziz Suryal (1968). A History of Eastern Christianity. Methuen. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  25. ^ "The Syriac Orthodox Church Today". syriacorthodoxresources.org. Retrieved 28 January 2025.
  26. ^ Witakowski, Witold (2004). "Severus of Antioch in Ethiopian Tradition". Studia Aethiopica. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 115–116. ISBN 978-3-447-04891-0. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  27. ^ Allen, Pauline; Hayward, C.T.R (2004). Severus of Antioch. Routledge. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-134-56780-5. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  28. ^ Meyendorff 1989, pp. 202–206.
  29. ^ "Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East". Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2018. Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  30. ^ Hilliard, Alison; Bailey, Betty (1999). Living Stones Pilgrimage. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8264-2249-1. Archived from the original on 18 October 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  31. ^ Taylor 2013, p. 67.


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