T. E. Lawrence

T. E. Lawrence CB DSO
Lawrence in 1918
Birth name	Thomas Edward Lawrence
Other name(s)	T. E. Shaw, John Hume Ross
Nickname(s)	Lawrence of Arabia
Born	(1888-08-16)16 August 1888 Tremadog, Carnarvonshire, Wales
Died	19 May 1935(1935-05-19) (aged 46) Bovington Camp, Dorset
Buried	St Nicholas, Moreton, Dorset
Allegiance	United Kingdom
Service/branch	British Army Royal Air Force
Years of service	1914–1918 1923–1935
Rank	Colonel (British Army) Aircraftman (RAF)
Battles/wars	First World War Arab Revolt Siege of Medina Battle of Aqaba Capture of Damascus Battle of Megiddo
Awards	Companion of the Order of the Bath[1] Distinguished Service Order[2] Knight of the Legion of Honour (France)[3] Croix de guerre (France)[4]
Alma mater	Jesus College, Oxford

Thomas Edward Lawrence CB DSO (16 August 1888 – 19 May 1935) was a British Army officer, archaeologist, diplomat and writer best known for his role during the Arab Revolt and Sinai and Palestine campaign against the Ottoman Empire in the First World War. The breadth and variety of his activities and associations, and Lawrence's ability to describe them vividly in writing, earned him international fame as Lawrence of Arabia, a title used for the 1962 film based on his wartime activities.

Born out of wedlock in Tremadog, Carnarvonshire, he was the son of Sir Thomas Chapman, an Anglo-Irish landowner, and governess Sarah Junner. In 1896, Lawrence moved to Oxford, attending the City of Oxford High School for Boys and studying history at Jesus College, Oxford from 1907 to 1910. Between 1910 and 1914, he worked as an archaeologist for the British Museum, chiefly at Carchemish in Ottoman Syria.

After the outbreak of war in 1914, Lawrence joined the British Army and was stationed at the Arab Bureau, a military intelligence unit in Egypt. In 1916, he travelled to Mesopotamia and Arabia on intelligence missions and became involved with the Arab revolt against Ottoman rule as a liaison to the rebels, supporting their struggle against the Ottomans. Lawrence worked closely with Emir Faisal, a leader of the revolt, and participated in engagements with the Ottoman military culminating in the capture of Damascus in October 1918.

After the war's end, he joined the Foreign Office, working with Faisal. In 1922, Lawrence retreated from public life and served as enlisted man in the Army and Royal Air Force (RAF) until 1935. He published the Seven Pillars of Wisdom in 1926, an autobiographical account of his participation in the Arab Revolt. Lawrence also translated books into English and wrote The Mint, which detailed his service in the RAF. He corresponded extensively with prominent artists, writers and politicians, and also participated in the development of rescue motorboats for the RAF. Lawrence's public image resulted in part from the sensationalised reporting of the Arab Revolt by American journalist Lowell Thomas, as well as from Seven Pillars of Wisdom. In 1935, Lawrence died at the age of 46 after being injured in a motorcycle accident in Dorset.