Back تكفيري Arabic Тәкфирселек Bashkir Takfirisme Catalan تەکفیری CKB Takfirismo Spanish تکفیری Persian Takfirisme French תכפירי HE Takfiri ID Takfirismo Italian

Takfiri

Part of a series on
Islamism
Fundamentals
Ideologies
Concepts
Influences
Movements
Scholastic

Political

Militant

Key texts
Heads of state
Key ideologues
Criticism
Related topics

Islam portal

icon Politics portal

Takfiri [a] is an Arabic and Islamic term denoting a Muslim who excommunicates one of their coreligionists—i.e., who accuses another Muslim of being an apostate, or murtadd, 'one who turns back'.[1][2][3][4]

According to the traditional interpretations of Islamic law (Sharia), the punishment for apostasy is death[3] Potentially a cause of strife and violence within the Muslim community (ummah),[5] an ill-founded accusation of takfir is considered a major forbidden act (haram) in Islamic jurisprudence,[6] with one hadith declaring that one who wrongly declares another Muslim to be an unbeliever is themself an apostate.[7] Takfirism has been called a "minority ideology" that "advocates the killing of other Muslims declared to be unbelievers".[8]

The accusation itself, takfīr, is derived from the Arabic word kafir ('unbeliever') and described as when "one who is a Muslim is declared impure".[9] In principle, in mainstream Sunni Islam, the only group authorized to declare another Muslim a kāfir are the scholars of Islam (ulama); this is done only if all the prescribed legal precautions have been taken.[9] Traditionally, the declaration of takfīr was used against self-professed Muslims who denied one or more of the five pillars of Islam. Throughout the history of Islam, Islamic denominations and movements, such as Shia Islam and Ahmadiyya Islam, have been accused of takfīr and labeled as kuffār ('unbelievers') by Sunni leaders, becoming victims of religious discrimination, religious violence, and religious persecution.[3][8][10][11][12][13] The term Takfiri has also been pejoritavely deployed by Shia jihadist groups to demonise and justify violence against Sunnis.[14][15]

In the history of Islam, a sect originating in the 7th century CE known as the Kharijites carried out takfīr against both Sunnī and Shīʿa Muslims, becoming a dominant source of intra-Islamic insurrection against caliphates for centuries.[16] Since the latter half of the 20th century, takfīr has also been used for "sanctioning violence against leaders of Islamic states"[17] who do not enforce Sharia or are otherwise "deemed insufficiently religious".[18] This arbitrary application of takfīr has become a "central ideology"[17] of insurgent Wahhabi-Salafi jihadist extremist and terrorist groups,[10][19][20][21] particularly al-Qaeda and Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL),[3][10][19][22] which have drawn on the ideas of the medieval Islamic scholars Ibn Taymiyyah and Ibn Kathir, and those of the modern Islamist ideologues Sayyid Qutb and Abul A'la Maududi.[10][19][20] The practice of takfīr has been denounced as deviant by mainstream branches of Islam and Muslim scholars, such as Hasan al-Hudaybi (died 1977) and Yusuf al-Qaradawi.[17]


Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference EoI was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Cite error: The named reference EoQ-Quran was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference Poljarevic 2021 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference FAS-2009 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Karawan, Ibrahim A. (1995). "Takfīr". In John L. Esposito. The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  6. ^ Moghadam, Assaf (2010). "Motives for Martyrdom: Al-Qaida, Salafi Jihad, and the spread of suicide attacks". In Michael E. Brown; Owen R. Coté Jr.; Sean M. Lynn-Jones; Steven E. Miller (eds.). Contending with Terrorism: Roots, Strategies, and Responses. Cambridge, Massachusetts, US: MIT Press. pp. 57–91; see p. 83. ISBN 9780262514644. OCLC 648759765.
  7. ^ Maher, Shiraz (2016). Salafi-Jihadism: The History of an Idea. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0190651121.
  8. ^ a b Badara, Mohamed; Nagata, Masaki; Tueni, Tiphanie (June 2017). "The Radical Application of the Islamist Concept of Takfir" (PDF). Arab Law Quarterly. 31 (2). Leiden: Brill Publishers: 134–162. doi:10.1163/15730255-31020044. ISSN 1573-0255. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
  9. ^ a b Kepel 2002, p. 31.
  10. ^ a b c d Baele, Stephane J. (October 2019). Giles, Howard (ed.). "Conspiratorial Narratives in Violent Political Actors' Language" (PDF). Journal of Language and Social Psychology. 38 (5–6). Sage Publications: 706–734. doi:10.1177/0261927X19868494. hdl:10871/37355. ISSN 1552-6526. S2CID 195448888. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  11. ^ Rickenbacher, Daniel (August 2019). Jikeli, Gunther (ed.). "The Centrality of Anti-Semitism in the Islamic State's Ideology and Its Connection to Anti-Shiism". Religions. 10 (8: "The Return of Religious Antisemitism?"). Basel, Switzerland: MDPI: 483. doi:10.3390/rel10080483. ISSN 2077-1444.
  12. ^ Ghasemi, Faezeh (2020). Anti-Shiism Discourse (PhD). University of Tehran.
     • Ghasemi, Faezeh (2017). "Anti-Shiite and Anti-Iranian Discourses in ISIS Texts". Discourse. 11 (3): 75–96.
     • Matthiesen, Toby (21 July 2015). "The Islamic State Exploits Entrenched Anti-Shia Incitement". Sada. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  13. ^ Uddin, Asma T. (2014). "A Legal Analysis of Ahmadi Persecution in Pakistan". In Kirkham, David M. (ed.). State Responses to Minority Religions. Ashgate Inform Series on Minority Religions and Spiritual Movements. Farnham, UK and Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate Publishing/Routledge. pp. 81–98. ISBN 978-1-4724-1647-6. LCCN 2013019344.
  14. ^ Siegel, Alexandra (December 2015). "Sectarian Twitter Wars: Sunni-Shia Conflict and Cooperation in the Digital Age" (PDF). Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 May 2023.
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference zekub-vocab-2014 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ Izutsu, Toshihiko (2006) [1965]. "The Infidel (Kāfir): The Khārijites and the origin of the problem". The Concept of Belief in Islamic Theology: A Semantic Analysis of Imān and Islām. Tokyo: Keio Institute of Cultural and Linguistic Studies at Keio University. pp. 1–20. ISBN 9839154702.
  17. ^ a b c "Takfiri". Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  18. ^ Nedza, Justyna (2016). "The Sum of Its Parts: The State as Apostate in Contemporary Saudi Militant Islamism". In Adang, Camilla; Ansari, Hassan; Fierro, Maribel; Schmidtke, Sabine (eds.). Accusations of Unbelief in Islam: A Diachronic Perspective on Takfīr. Islamic History and Civilization. Vol. 123. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 304–326. doi:10.1163/9789004307834_013. ISBN 978-9004307834. ISSN 0929-2403.
  19. ^ a b c Badara, Mohamed; Nagata, Masaki (November 2017). "Modern Extremist Groups and the Division of the World: A Critique from an Islamic Perspective". Arab Law Quarterly. 31 (4). Leiden: Brill Publishers: 305–335. doi:10.1163/15730255-12314024. ISSN 1573-0255.
  20. ^ a b Jalal, Ayesha (2009). "Islam Subverted? Jihad as Terrorism". Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 239–240. doi:10.4159/9780674039070-007. ISBN 978-0674039070. S2CID 152941120.
  21. ^ Oliveti 2002.
  22. ^ Julie Rajan, V. G. (2015). "Islamism, Al Qaeda, and Takfir". Al Qaeda's Global Crisis: The Islamic State, Takfir, and the Genocide of Muslims. Contemporary Terrorism Studies. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 44–102. ISBN 978-1138221802. LCCN 2014031954.

Rich TVX News Network Site

Rich TVX News Network Info

© MMXXIII Rich X Search. We shall prevail. All rights reserved. Rich X Search