Temple of Eshmun

Temple of Eshmun

𐤁𐤕 𐤀𐤔𐤌𐤍
Throne of Astarte at the Eshmun Temple
Shown within Lebanon Show map of Lebanon Temple of Eshmun (Near East) Show map of Near East
Location	Bustan el-Sheikh, near Sidon, Lebanon
Coordinates	33°35′08″N 35°23′53″E / 33.58556°N 35.39806°E / 33.58556; 35.39806
History
Builder	Eshmunazar II, Bodashtart
Founded	7th century BC
Abandoned	4th century AD
Cultures	Phoenician, Achaemenid, Hellenistic and Roman
Site notes
Discovered	1900
Excavation dates	1901–1903 1903–1904 1920 1963–1975
Archaeologists	Theodore Makridi Wilhelm Von Landau Gaston Contenau Maurice Dunand
Condition	Ruined
Ownership	Government of Lebanon
Management	Directorate General of Antiquities[1]
Public access	Yes (for a fee)
Architecture
Architectural styles	Phoenician, Achaemenid, Hellenistic and Roman

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The Temple of Eshmun (Arabic: معبد أشمون) is an ancient place of worship dedicated to Eshmun, the Phoenician god of healing. It is located near the Awali river, 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) northeast of Sidon in southwestern Lebanon. The site was occupied from the 7th century BC to the 8th century AD, suggesting an integrated relationship with the nearby city of Sidon. Although originally constructed by Sidonian king Eshmunazar II in the Achaemenid era (c. 529–333 BC) to celebrate the city's recovered wealth and stature, the temple complex was greatly expanded by Bodashtart, Yatonmilk and later monarchs. Because the continued expansion spanned many centuries of alternating independence and foreign hegemony, the sanctuary features a wealth of different architectural and decorative styles and influences.

The sanctuary consists of an esplanade and a grand court limited by a huge limestone terrace wall that supports a monumental podium which was once topped by Eshmun's Greco-Persian style marble temple. The sanctuary features a series of ritual ablution basins fed by canals channeling water from the Asclepius river (modern Awali) and from the sacred "YDLL" spring;^{[nb 1]} these installations were used for therapeutic and purificatory purposes that characterize the cult of Eshmun. The sanctuary site has yielded many artifacts of value, especially those inscribed with Phoenician texts, such as the Bodashtart inscriptions and the Eshmun inscription, providing valuable insight into the site's history and that of ancient Sidon.

The Eshmun Temple was improved during the early Roman Empire with a colonnade street, but declined after earthquakes and fell into oblivion as Christianity replaced polytheism and its large limestone blocks were used to build later structures. The temple site was rediscovered in 1900 by local treasure hunters who stirred the curiosity of international scholars. Maurice Dunand, a French archaeologist, thoroughly excavated the site from 1963 until the beginning of the Lebanese Civil War in 1975. After the end of the hostilities and the retreat of Israel from Southern Lebanon, the site was rehabilitated and inscribed to the World Heritage Site tentative list.

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