Ternate language

Ternate
Ternate
ترناتي‎
Native to	Indonesia
Region	North Maluku
Native speakers	(42,000 cited 1981); 20,000 L2 speakers (1981)
Language family	West Papuan? North Halmahera Ternate–Tidore Ternate; ; ;
Writing system	Latin script (Rumi); Historically Arabic script (Jawi)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	tft
Glottolog	tern1247
ELP	Ternate
	Ternate Location in Southeast Asia
	Coordinates: 0°1′N 127°44′E / 0.017°N 127.733°E

Ternate is a language of northern Maluku, eastern Indonesia. It is spoken by the Ternate people [id], who inhabit the island of Ternate, as well as many other areas of the archipelago. It is the dominant indigenous language of North Maluku, historically important as a regional lingua franca. A North Halmahera language, it is unlike most languages of Indonesia which belong to the Austronesian language family.^[5]

Due to the historical role of the Ternate Sultanate, Ternate influence is present in many languages of eastern Indonesia. Borrowings from Ternate extend beyond the Maluku Islands, reaching the regions of central and northern Sulawesi.^[6] Languages such as Taba and West Makian have borrowed much of their polite lexicons from Ternate,^[7]^[8] while the languages of northern Sulawesi have incorporated many Ternate vocabulary items related to kingship and administration.^[9] The language has been a source of lexical and grammatical borrowing for North Moluccan Malay, the local variant of Malay, which has given rise to other eastern Indonesian offshoots of Malay, such as Manado Malay.^[10]^[11]

^ ^a ^b Ternate at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
^ Frederik Sigismund Alexander de Clercq (1890). Bijdragen tot de kennis der residentie Ternate (in Dutch). E.J. Brill. p. 193.
^ "Ternatan/Tidorese - Dictionary definition of Ternatan/Tidorese". encyclopedia.com.
^ Fathurahman, Oman (2015), Filologi Indonesia Teori dan Metode (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Prenada Media, p. 128, ISBN 978-623-218-153-3, OCLC 1001307264, retrieved 2022-09-07
^ Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Watuseke, F.S. (1991). "The Ternate Language". In Dutton, Tom (ed.). Papers in Papuan Linguistics No. 1 (PDF). Pacific Linguistics A-73. Translated by Voorhoeve, Clemens L. Canberra: Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. pp. 223–244. doi:10.15144/PL-A73.223. ISBN 0-85883-393-X. OCLC 24406501.
^ Voorhoeve, C.L. (1982). "The West Makian language, North Moluccas, Indonesia: a fieldwork report". In Voorhoeve, C.L. (ed.). The Makian languages and their neighbours (PDF). Canberra: Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. p. 47. doi:10.15144/PL-D46.1. ISBN 0858832771. OCLC 12421689.
^ Bowden, John (2005). "Taba". In Adelaar, K. Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus P. (eds.). The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. Abingdon/New York: Routledge. p. 770. doi:10.4324/9780203821121. ISBN 978-0-203-82112-1. OCLC 53814161.
^ Sneddon, J.N. (1989). "The North Sulawesi microgroups: In search of higher level connections" (PDF). In Sneddon, J.N. (ed.). Studies in Sulawesi Linguistics I. Jakarta: Badan Penyelenggara Seri NUSA. p. 92.
^ Taylor, Paul Michael (1999). "Introduction" (PDF). F.S.A. de Clercq's Ternate: The Residency and its Sultanate (Smithsonian Institution Libraries digital ed.). Smithsonian Institution Libraries. p. 7.
^ Allen, Robert B.; Hayami-Allen, Rika (2002). "Orientation in the Spice Islands" (PDF). In Macken, Marlys (ed.). Papers from the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, 2000. Tempe: Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies. p. 21. ISBN 1-881044-29-7. OCLC 50506465.

[e25-1] Ternate at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)

[fsa-2] Frederik Sigismund Alexander de Clercq (1890). Bijdragen tot de kennis der residentie Ternate (in Dutch). E.J. Brill. p. 193.

[3] "Ternatan/Tidorese - Dictionary definition of Ternatan/Tidorese". encyclopedia.com.

[filologi-4] Fathurahman, Oman (2015), Filologi Indonesia Teori dan Metode (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Prenada Media, p. 128, ISBN 978-623-218-153-3, OCLC 1001307264, retrieved 2022-09-07

[:0-5] Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[6] Watuseke, F.S. (1991). "The Ternate Language". In Dutton, Tom (ed.). Papers in Papuan Linguistics No. 1 (PDF). Pacific Linguistics A-73. Translated by Voorhoeve, Clemens L. Canberra: Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. pp. 223–244. doi:10.15144/PL-A73.223. ISBN 0-85883-393-X. OCLC 24406501.

[7] Voorhoeve, C.L. (1982). "The West Makian language, North Moluccas, Indonesia: a fieldwork report". In Voorhoeve, C.L. (ed.). The Makian languages and their neighbours (PDF). Canberra: Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. p. 47. doi:10.15144/PL-D46.1. ISBN 0858832771. OCLC 12421689.

[8] Bowden, John (2005). "Taba". In Adelaar, K. Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus P. (eds.). The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. Abingdon/New York: Routledge. p. 770. doi:10.4324/9780203821121. ISBN 978-0-203-82112-1. OCLC 53814161.

[9] Sneddon, J.N. (1989). "The North Sulawesi microgroups: In search of higher level connections" (PDF). In Sneddon, J.N. (ed.). Studies in Sulawesi Linguistics I. Jakarta: Badan Penyelenggara Seri NUSA. p. 92.

[10] Taylor, Paul Michael (1999). "Introduction" (PDF). F.S.A. de Clercq's Ternate: The Residency and its Sultanate (Smithsonian Institution Libraries digital ed.). Smithsonian Institution Libraries. p. 7.

[11] Allen, Robert B.; Hayami-Allen, Rika (2002). "Orientation in the Spice Islands" (PDF). In Macken, Marlys (ed.). Papers from the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, 2000. Tempe: Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies. p. 21. ISBN 1-881044-29-7. OCLC 50506465.

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