Theory of basic human values

The theory of basic human values is a theory of cross-cultural psychology and universal values developed by Shalom H. Schwartz. The theory extends previous cross-cultural communication frameworks such as Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory. Schwartz identifies ten basic human values, distinguished by their underlying motivation or goals, and explains how people in all cultures recognize them. There are two major methods for measuring these ten basic values: the Schwartz Value Survey^[2] and the Portrait Values Questionnaire.^[3]

In value theory, individual values may align with, or conflict against one another, often visualised in a circular diagram where opposing poles indicate values that are in conflict.

An expanded framework of 19 distinct values was presented from Schwartz and colleagues in a 2012 publication, creating on the theory of basic values. These values are conceptualized as "guiding principles" that influence the behaviors and decisions of individuals or groups.^[4]

^ Schwartz, Shalom H. (1992), "Universals in the Content and Structure of Values: Theoretical Advances and Empirical Tests in 20 Countries", Advances in Experimental Social Psychology Volume 25, vol. 25, Elsevier, pp. 1–65, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.220.3674, doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60281-6, ISBN 9780120152254
^ Schwartz, Shalom H. (1992). "Universals in the Content and Structure of Values: Theoretical Advances and Empirical Tests in 20 Countries". In Zanna, Mark P. (ed.). Advances in Experimental Social Psychology Volume 25. Vol. 25. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. pp. 1–65. doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60281-6. ISBN 9780120152254.
^ Schwartz, Shalom (2005). "Robustness and fruitfulness of a theory of universals in individual values". Valores e Trabalho: 56–85.
^ Schwartz, Shalom H.; Cieciuch, Jan; Vecchione, Michele; et al. (October 2012). "Refining the theory of basic individual values" (PDF). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 103 (4): 663–688. doi:10.1037/a0029393. hdl:11573/482295. ISSN 1939-1315. PMID 22823292.

[modi123-1] Schwartz, Shalom H. (1992), "Universals in the Content and Structure of Values: Theoretical Advances and Empirical Tests in 20 Countries", Advances in Experimental Social Psychology Volume 25, vol. 25, Elsevier, pp. 1–65, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.220.3674, doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60281-6, ISBN 9780120152254

[2] Schwartz, Shalom H. (1992). "Universals in the Content and Structure of Values: Theoretical Advances and Empirical Tests in 20 Countries". In Zanna, Mark P. (ed.). Advances in Experimental Social Psychology Volume 25. Vol. 25. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. pp. 1–65. doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60281-6. ISBN 9780120152254.

[3] Schwartz, Shalom (2005). "Robustness and fruitfulness of a theory of universals in individual values". Valores e Trabalho: 56–85.

[4] Schwartz, Shalom H.; Cieciuch, Jan; Vecchione, Michele; et al. (October 2012). "Refining the theory of basic individual values" (PDF). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 103 (4): 663–688. doi:10.1037/a0029393. hdl:11573/482295. ISSN 1939-1315. PMID 22823292.

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