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Toro Negro State Forest

Toro Negro State Forest
Spanish: Bosque Estatal de Toro Negro
Bosque Estatal de Toro Negro shown in the foreground
Map
Map showing the location of Toro Negro State Forest
Map showing the location of Toro Negro State Forest
The map shows the location of ranger's office at Bosque Estatal de Toro Negro
Geography
LocationPR-143, km. 32.4 and PR-149 km 39.0, Ponce[1]/Jayuya[1]/Orocovis[1]/Ciales[1]/Juana Diaz[1], Puerto Rico
Coordinates18°10′24″N 66°29′32″W / 18.17342°N 66.49231°W / 18.17342; -66.49231
Elevation4,390 feet (1,340 m)
Area8,204 cuerdas (7,968 acres)[2] (32.24 km2)
Administration
StatusPublic, Commonwealth
Established1934[3] with 6,800 acres
Visitation126,916[4] (2008)[4]
EventsCerro Maravilla murders
Governing bodyPuerto Rico DRNA
Websitewww.drna.gobierno.pr
Ecology
Ecosystem(s)Subtropical Moist Zone (31% of the forest):
-Tabonuco forest.
Lower Mountain Wet Zone (69% of the forest):
-Micropholis Buchenavia forest,
-Mountain palm forest,
-Cloud forest.
WWF ClassificationPuerto Rican moist forests
Disturbance-Hurricanes[5] and Landslides[6]
Forest cover81% - 99%[7]
Dominant tree speciesMelastomaceae (16 species),
Lauraceae (11 species),
Myrtaceae (10 species)
Indicator plantsTabonuco (Dacryodes excelsa),
Ausubo (Manilkara bidentata),[note 1]
Montillo (Sloanea berteroana)[8]

Toro Negro State Forest (Spanish: Bosque Estatal de Toro Negro) is one of the 21 forests that make up the public forests system in Puerto Rico.[2] It is also Puerto Rico's highest cloud forest. It is in the Cordillera Central region of the island and covers 8,204 cuerdas (7,968 acres; 3,224 ha; 32.24 km2), of mountains. Toro Negro's mountains have heights reaching up to 4,400 feet (1,300 m) and include Cerro de Punta,[9] Cerro Jayuya and Cerro Rosa, the three highest peaks in the island. Nested among these mountains is Lake Guineo, the island's highest lake.[10] The forest has 18 kilometers (11 mi) of trails, an observation tower, two natural swimming pools (Spanish:"charcos"), camping and picnic areas, nine rivers, and numerous creeks and waterfalls.[11] The forest spans areas within the municipalities of Ponce, Jayuya, Orocovis, Ciales, and Juana Díaz, and consists of seven non-contiguous tracts of land.[9][12] The largest contiguous segment of the forest is located in the municipalities of Ponce and Jayuya.[13] Some 40% of the area of Toro Negro State Forest is located in Ponce's Barrio Anón.[14]

When created in 1935 as part of the Caribbean National Forest, the Toro Negro Forest Reserve was managed by the United States government, first via the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration of the Department of the Interior (1935–1942) and later through the Forest Service of the Department of Agriculture (1942–1970). Then, in 1970, the Federal Government exchanged with the Government of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico the Toro Negro section of the Caribbean National Forest for some forested lands belonging to the Commonwealth and located adjacent to the much larger federal lands at Luquillo National Forest resulting in the creation at Luquillo of the current El Yunque National Forest.[15][16] In 1970, the Government of Puerto Rico's Departmento de Recursos Naturales y Ambientales (DRNA) opened the Toro Negro Forest Reserve as a Commonwealth state forest and renamed it Bosque Estatal de Toro Negro (Toro Negro State Forest).

  1. ^ a b c d e Hojas de Nuestro Ambiente[permanent dead link]. Gobierno de Puerto Rico. Departamento de Recursos Naturales. Bosques de Puerto Rico: Bosque Estatal de Toro Negro. Publication P-030. July 2008. p 1.
  2. ^ a b Bosques de Puerto Rico: Bosque Estatal de Toro Negro. Archived 2015-08-07 at the Wayback Machine Hojas de Nuestro Ambiente. July 2008. [Publication/Issue: P-030] Puerto Rico Department of Natural and Environmental Resources. Retrieved 29 July 2013.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference web.archive.org was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ a b Senado evalua convertir al Bosque Toro Negro en uno de los Centros Eco-turisticos de Puerto Rico. Roberto Mercado, Hijo. EnVivoPR.com. 25 February 2009. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
  5. ^ Puerto Rico Statewide Assessment and Strategies for Forest Resources Archived 10 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Government of Puerto Rico. Department of Natural and Environmental Resources. (n.d.; ca., 2011) Page 32. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
  6. ^ Recovery Plan: Ilex Cookii/Cyathea dryopteroides. US FWS. Atlanta, Georgia. 1990. Page 6. Retrieved 16 September 2013.
  7. ^ Puerto Rico Statewide Assessment and Strategies for Forest Resources Archived 10 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Government of Puerto Rico. Department of Natural and Environmental Resources. (n.d.; ca., 2011) Page 6. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
  8. ^ Puerto Rico Statewide Assessment and Strategies for Forest Resources Archived 10 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Government of Puerto Rico. Department of Natural and Environmental Resources. (n.d.; ca., 2011) Page 88. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
  9. ^ a b EyeTour - an independent guide to Puerto Rico sponsored by the Government of Puerto Rico Tourism Company. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
  10. ^ Toro Negro State Forest. Virtual Puerto Rico. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  11. ^ "Region de la Montaña: Bosque Estatal de Toro Negro: Proponen Convertir Toro Negro en Centro Ecoturistico". Nuestros Bosques - Puerto Rico: Campus Ecologico. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference Bosque Estatal de Toro Negro. was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Encyclopedia Puerto Rico. Municipalities: Jayuya. Archived 23 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ Historia de Nuestro Barrios: Barrio Anon, Ponce. El Sur a la Vista. 18 October 2010. Rafael Torrech San Inocencio. Retrieved February 13, 2011.
  15. ^ "Where Dwarfs Reign: A Tropical Rain Forest in Puerto Rico". Kathryn Robinson. La Editorial. University of Puerto Rico. 1997. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  16. ^ "Puerto Rico's Rich History and Natural Resources". North American Forest Commission. North American Forest Commission Conference. June 8–13, 2008. San Juan, Puerto Rico.


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