Torpor

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Animal dormancy
Torpor Hibernation Hibernaculum HIT Aestivation Cryptobiosis Brumation Diapause Embryonic diapause Winter rest Critical thermal maximum Sleep Developmental biology
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Torpor is a state of decreased physiological activity in an animal, usually marked by a reduced body temperature and metabolic rate. Torpor enables animals to survive periods of reduced food availability.^[1] The term "torpor" can refer to the time a hibernator spends at low body temperature, lasting days to weeks, or it can refer to a period of low body temperature and metabolism lasting less than 24 hours.

The word comes from the early 13th century, originating from the Latin, torpor, to be numb or sluggish.^[2]

Animals that undergo torpor include birds (hummingbirds, notably strisores)^[3][4] and some mammals, including many marsupial species,^[5][6] rodent species (such as mice), and bats.^[7] During the active part of their day, such animals maintain normal body temperature and activity levels, but their metabolic rate and body temperature drop during a portion of the day (usually night) to conserve energy.^[8][9] Some animals seasonally go into long periods of inactivity, with reduced body temperature and metabolism, made up of multiple bouts of torpor. This is known as hibernation if it occurs during winter or aestivation if it occurs during the summer. Daily torpor, on the other hand, is not seasonally dependent and can be an important part of energy conservation at any time of year.^[8][9]

Torpor is a well-controlled thermoregulatory process and not, as previously thought, the result of switching off thermoregulation.^[9][10] Marsupial torpor differs from non-marsupial mammalian (eutherian) torpor in the characteristics of arousal. Eutherian arousal relies on a heat-producing brown adipose tissue as a mechanism to accelerate rewarming. The mechanism of marsupial arousal is unknown, but appears not to rely on brown adipose tissue.^[11]