Tramadol, sold under the brand name Ultram among others,[1] is an opioidpain medication and a serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) used to treat moderately severe pain.[3][14] When taken by mouth in an immediate-release formulation, the onset of pain relief usually begins within an hour.[3] It is also available by injection.[15] It is available in combination with paracetamol (acetaminophen).
Tramadol was patented in 1972 and launched under the name "Tramal" in 1977 by the West German pharmaceutical companyGrünenthal GmbH.[14][18] In the mid-1990s, it was approved in the United Kingdom and the United States.[14] It is available as a generic medication and marketed under many brand names worldwide.[1][3] In 2021, it was the 41st most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 15million prescriptions.[19][20]
^ abc"Tramadol". Drugs.com. Archived from the original on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
^Polsten GR, Wallace MS (21 June 2016). "Analgesic Agents in Rheumatic Disease". In Firestein GS, Budd R, Gabriel SE, McInnes IB, O'Dell JR (eds.). Kelley and Firestein's Textbook of Rheumatology. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 1081–. ISBN978-0-323-41494-4.
^ abBrayfield, A, ed. (13 December 2013). "Tramadol Hydrochloride". Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. Pharmaceutical Press. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
^Raffa RB, Buschmann H, Christoph T, Eichenbaum G, Englberger W, Flores CM, et al. (July 2012). "Mechanistic and functional differentiation of tapentadol and tramadol". Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 13 (10): 1437–1449. doi:10.1517/14656566.2012.696097. PMID22698264. S2CID24226747.