Trapped surface

Closed trapped surfaces are a concept used in black hole solutions of general relativity^[1] which describe the inner region of an event horizon. Roger Penrose defined the notion of closed trapped surfaces in 1965.^[2] A trapped surface is one where light is not moving away from the black hole. The boundary of the union of all trapped surfaces around a black hole is called an apparent horizon.

A related term trapped null surface is often used interchangeably. However, when discussing causal horizons, trapped null surfaces are defined as only null vector fields giving rise to null surfaces. But marginally trapped surfaces may be spacelike, timelike or null.^[3]