Treatment of slaves in the United States

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The treatment of slaves in the United States often included sexual abuse and rape, the denial of education, and punishments like whippings. Families were often split up by the sale of one or more members, usually never to see or hear of each other again.^[1] According to Time on the Cross - The Economics of American Negro Slavery by Drs. Fogel and Engerman, who used scientific methods, the cruelty of slavery has been exaggerated by historians.^[2]