Back Tuberkulose Afrikaans Tuberkulose ALS የሳንባ ነቀርሳ Amharic Tuberculosi AN क्षयरोग ANP سل Arabic سل ARZ যক্ষ্মা Assamese Tuberculosis AST टीबी AWA

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis
Other namesPhthisis, phthisis pulmonalis, consumption, great white plague
Chest X-ray of a person with advanced tuberculosis
Chest X-ray of a person with advanced tuberculosis: Infection in both lungs is marked by white arrow-heads, and the formation of a cavity is marked by black arrows.
SpecialtyInfectious disease, pulmonology
SymptomsChronic cough, fever, cough with bloody mucus, weight loss. Latent TB infection is asymptomatic[1]
CausesMycobacterium tuberculosis[1]
Risk factorsImmunodeficiency[1]
Diagnostic methodCXR, microbial culture, TB skin test, interferon gamma release assay[1]
Differential diagnosisPneumonia, histoplasmosis, sarcoidosis, coccidioidomycosis[2]
PreventionScreening those at high risk, treatment of those infected, vaccination with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)[1]
TreatmentAntibiotics[1]
Frequency10.8 million new infections per year[1]
Deaths1.25 million per year[1]

Tuberculosis (TB), also known colloquially as the "white death", or historically as consumption,[3] is a contagious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria.[4] Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body.[1] Most infections show no symptoms, in which case it is known as inactive or latent tuberculosis.[4] A small proportion of latent infections progress to active disease that, if left untreated, can be fatal.[1] Typical symptoms of active TB are chronic cough with blood-containing mucus, fever, night sweats, and weight loss.[1] Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms.[5]

Tuberculosis is spread from one person to the next through the air when people who have active TB in their lungs cough, spit, speak, or sneeze.[1][4] People with latent TB do not spread the disease.[1] A latent infection is more likely to become active in those with weakened immune systems.[1] There are two principal tests for TB: interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) of a blood sample, and the tuberculin skin test.[1][6]

Prevention of TB involves screening those at high risk, early detection and treatment of cases, and vaccination with the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine.[7][8][9] Those at high risk include household, workplace, and social contacts of people with active TB.[8] Treatment requires the use of multiple antibiotics over a long period of time.[1]

Tuberculosis has been present in humans since ancient times.[10] In the 1800s, when it was known as consumption, it was responsible for an estimated quarter of all deaths in Europe.[11] The incidence of TB decreased during the 20th century with improvement in sanitation and the introduction of drug treatments including antibiotics.[12] However, since the 1980s, antibiotic resistance has become a growing problem, with increasing rates of drug-resistant tuberculosis.[1][13] It is estimated that one quarter of the world's population have latent or active TB.[14] In 2023, TB is estimated to have newly infected 10.8 million people and caused 1.25 million deaths, making it the leading cause of death from an infectious disease.[1][15]

Video summary (script)
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Tuberculosis (TB)". World Health Organization. 14 March 2025. Retrieved 14 March 2025.
  2. ^ Ferri FF (2010). Ferri's differential diagnosis: a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Mosby. p. Chapter T. ISBN 978-0-323-07699-9.
  3. ^ The Chambers Dictionary. New Delhi: Allied Chambers India Ltd. 1998. p. 352. ISBN 978-81-86062-25-8. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015.
  4. ^ a b c "About Tuberculosis". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 27 February 2025. Retrieved 14 March 2025.
  5. ^ Adkinson NF, Bennett JE, Douglas RG, Mandell GL (2010). Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases (7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. p. Chapter 250. ISBN 978-0-443-06839-3.
  6. ^ "Testing for Tuberculosis". Centers for Disease Prevention and Control. 17 June 2024. Retrieved 14 March 2025.
  7. ^ Hawn TR, Day TA, Scriba TJ, Hatherill M, Hanekom WA, Evans TG, et al. (December 2014). "Tuberculosis vaccines and prevention of infection". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 78 (4): 650–71. doi:10.1128/MMBR.00021-14. PMC 4248657. PMID 25428938.
  8. ^ a b Implementing the WHO Stop TB Strategy: a handbook for national TB control programmes. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO). 2008. p. 179. ISBN 978-92-4-154667-6. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
  9. ^ Harris RE (2013). "Epidemiology of Tuberculosis". Epidemiology of chronic disease: global perspectives. Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 682. ISBN 978-0-7637-8047-0. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 17 September 2017.
  10. ^ Lawn SD, Zumla AI (July 2011). "Tuberculosis". Lancet. 378 (9785): 57–72. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3. PMID 21420161. S2CID 208791546.
  11. ^ Cite error: The named reference Bloom_1994 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ Persson S (2010). Smallpox, Syphilis and Salvation: Medical Breakthroughs That Changed the World. ReadHowYouWant.com. p. 141. ISBN 978-1-4587-6712-7. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015.
  13. ^ Wall R (9 July 2024). "Tuberculosis Drug Discovery: Navigating Resistance and Developing New Therapies". London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
  14. ^ "10 facts on tuberculosis". World Health Organization. 29 October 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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