Tumor microenvironment

The tumor microenvironment is a complex ecosystem surrounding a tumor, composed of cancer cells, stromal tissue (including blood vessels, immune cells, fibroblasts and signaling molecules) and the extracellular matrix.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] Mutual interaction between cancer cells and the different components of the tumor microenvironment support its growth and invasion in healthy tissues which correlates with tumor resistance to current treatments and poor prognosis. The tumor microenvironment is in constant change because of the tumor's ability to influence the microenvironment by releasing extracellular signals, promoting tumor angiogenesis and inducing peripheral immune tolerance, while the immune cells in the microenvironment can affect the growth and evolution of cancerous cells.^[2]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

^ Piñeiro Fernández J, Luddy KA, Harmon C, O'Farrelly C (2019). "Hepatic Tumor Microenvironments and Effects on NK Cell Phenotype and Function". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 20 (17): 4131. doi:10.3390/ijms20174131. ISSN 1422-0067. PMC 6747260. PMID 31450598.
^ ^a ^b Alfarouk KO, Muddathir AK, Shayoub ME (January 2011). "Tumor acidity as evolutionary spite". Cancers. 3 (1): 408–414. doi:10.3390/cancers3010408. PMC 3756368. PMID 24310355.
^ Joyce JA, Fearon DT (April 2015). "T cell exclusion, immune privilege, and the tumor microenvironment". Science. 348 (6230): 74–80. Bibcode:2015Sci...348...74J. doi:10.1126/science.aaa6204. PMID 25838376.
^ Spill F, Reynolds DS, Kamm RD, Zaman MH (August 2016). "Impact of the physical microenvironment on tumor progression and metastasis". Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 40: 41–48. doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2016.02.007. PMC 4975620. PMID 26938687.
^ Cite error: The named reference Weber was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Korneev KV, Atretkhany KN, Drutskaya MS, Grivennikov SI, Kuprash DV, Nedospasov SA (January 2017). "TLR-signaling and proinflammatory cytokines as drivers of tumorigenesis". Cytokine. 89: 127–135. doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2016.01.021. PMID 26854213.
^ Ghoshdastider U, Rohatgi N, Mojtabavi Naeini M, Baruah P, Revkov E, Guo YA, et al. (April 2021). "Pan-Cancer Analysis of Ligand-Receptor Cross-talk in the Tumor Microenvironment". Cancer Research. 81 (7): 1802–1812. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-20-2352. PMID 33547160. S2CID 232432582.
^ Žavbi J, Breznik B (2021). "Modelling the microenvironment of the most aggressive brain tumours for preclinical studies". Advances in Cancer Biology - Metastasis. 3: 100017. doi:10.1016/j.adcanc.2021.100017. ISSN 2667-3940. S2CID 244452599.
^ Xinyuan T, Lei Y, Jianping S, Rongwei Z, Ruiwen S, Ye Z, et al. (2023-10-01). "Advances in the role of gut microbiota in the regulation of the tumor microenvironment (Review)". Oncology Reports. 50 (4): 1–15. doi:10.3892/or.2023.8618. ISSN 1021-335X. PMC 10485805. PMID 37615187.

[1] Piñeiro Fernández J, Luddy KA, Harmon C, O'Farrelly C (2019). "Hepatic Tumor Microenvironments and Effects on NK Cell Phenotype and Function". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 20 (17): 4131. doi:10.3390/ijms20174131. ISSN 1422-0067. PMC 6747260. PMID 31450598.

[Tumor_acidity_as_evolutionary_spite-2] Alfarouk KO, Muddathir AK, Shayoub ME (January 2011). "Tumor acidity as evolutionary spite". Cancers. 3 (1): 408–414. doi:10.3390/cancers3010408. PMC 3756368. PMID 24310355.

[Joyce_2015-3] Joyce JA, Fearon DT (April 2015). "T cell exclusion, immune privilege, and the tumor microenvironment". Science. 348 (6230): 74–80. Bibcode:2015Sci...348...74J. doi:10.1126/science.aaa6204. PMID 25838376.

[physicalMicroenvironment-4] Spill F, Reynolds DS, Kamm RD, Zaman MH (August 2016). "Impact of the physical microenvironment on tumor progression and metastasis". Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 40: 41–48. doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2016.02.007. PMC 4975620. PMID 26938687.

[Weber-5] Cite error: The named reference Weber was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[6] Korneev KV, Atretkhany KN, Drutskaya MS, Grivennikov SI, Kuprash DV, Nedospasov SA (January 2017). "TLR-signaling and proinflammatory cytokines as drivers of tumorigenesis". Cytokine. 89: 127–135. doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2016.01.021. PMID 26854213.

[pmid33547160-7] Ghoshdastider U, Rohatgi N, Mojtabavi Naeini M, Baruah P, Revkov E, Guo YA, et al. (April 2021). "Pan-Cancer Analysis of Ligand-Receptor Cross-talk in the Tumor Microenvironment". Cancer Research. 81 (7): 1802–1812. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-20-2352. PMID 33547160. S2CID 232432582.

[Žavbi_2021-8] Žavbi J, Breznik B (2021). "Modelling the microenvironment of the most aggressive brain tumours for preclinical studies". Advances in Cancer Biology - Metastasis. 3: 100017. doi:10.1016/j.adcanc.2021.100017. ISSN 2667-3940. S2CID 244452599.

[9] Xinyuan T, Lei Y, Jianping S, Rongwei Z, Ruiwen S, Ye Z, et al. (2023-10-01). "Advances in the role of gut microbiota in the regulation of the tumor microenvironment (Review)". Oncology Reports. 50 (4): 1–15. doi:10.3892/or.2023.8618. ISSN 1021-335X. PMC 10485805. PMID 37615187.

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