Tumu Crisis

Crisis of the Tumu Fortress
Date	September 1, 1449
Location	Huailai County, North Zhili, Ming China
Result	Mongol victory capture of Chinese Emperor Yingzong; return to status quo ante bellum;
Belligerents
Northern Yuan, Oirat Mongols	Ming dynasty
Commanders and leaders
Taisun Khan; Esen Taishi; Alag-Temur;	Emperor Yingzong of Ming (POW); Zhu Mian (朱冕) †; Zhu Yong (朱勇) †; Wang Zhen †; Zhang Fu †;
Strength
20,000	500,000 (thought to be an inflated figure)
Casualties and losses
2,000	400,000

The Crisis of the Tumu Fortress (simplified Chinese: 土木堡之变; traditional Chinese: 土木堡之變), also known as the Tumu Crisis (simplified Chinese: 土木之变; traditional Chinese: 土木之變; Mongolian: Тумугийн тулалдаан), or the Jisi Incident (simplified Chinese: 己巳之变; traditional Chinese: 己巳之變), was a frontier conflict between the Northern Yuan and Ming dynasties. The Oirat ruler of the Northern Yuan, Esen, captured the Emperor Yingzong of Ming on September 1, 1449.^[1]

^ ^a ^b Nolan, Cathal J. The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650, Volume 1: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization Greenwood Press (2006) ISBN 978-0-313-33733-8 p. 151 [1]
^ Rossabi, Morris (1998). "The Ming and Inner Asia". The Cambridge History of China, Volume 8: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 228. ISBN 0-521-24333-5.