Back تدخل تركيا في الحرب الأهلية السورية Arabic Intervención militar turca en la guerra civil siria Spanish مداخله ترکیه در جنگ داخلی سوریه Persian המעורבות הטורקית במלחמת האזרחים בסוריה HE सीरियाई गृहयुद्ध में तुर्की की भागीदारी Hindi トルコ軍によるシリア侵攻 (シリア内戦) Japanese 튀르키예의 시리아 내전 개입 Korean د سوریې په کورنۍ جګړه کې د ترکیې مداخله Pashto/Pushto Intervenção turca na Guerra Civil Síria Portuguese Intervenția Turciei în Războiul Civil Sirian Romanian

Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war

Turkish involvement in the Syrian civil war
Part of foreign involvement in the Syrian civil war
Clockwise from top left:
Date5 December 2011 (2011-12-05) – present
(12 years, 5 months, 2 weeks and 5 days)
Location
Syria
Status

Ongoing

Territorial
changes
  • Turkish Armed Forces and the Syrian National Army captured a total area of 8,835 square kilometres (3,411 sq mi)[21][22][23] including over 1000 settlements[24][25]
    • Belligerents

     Turkey
     Syrian opposition

    Supported by:
    Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (limited)[9][10]

    Syrian Democratic Forces IFB

    Supported by:
    PKK[18]

    Islamic State Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

    Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (limited)

    Syria Syrian Arab Republic
     Russia[19]

     Iran[20]
    Libya Libyan National Army
     Hezbollah
    Commanders and leaders

    Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
    Turkey Hulusi Akar (2015-2023)
    Turkey Yaşar Güler
    Turkey Metin Gürak
    Turkey Hakan Fidan
    Turkey İbrahim Kalın
    Turkey İsmail Metin Temel
    (2016–2018)
    Turkey Zekai Aksakallı
    (2016–2017)

    Syrian opposition Salim Idris
    Syrian opposition Abdurrahman Mustafa
    Syrian opposition Albay Ahmed Berri
    Syrian opposition Ebubekir Seyf
    Syrian opposition Fehim Isa
    Syrian opposition Ahmed Othman

    Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria Hediya Yousef[26]
    Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria Mansur Selum[26]
    Adnan Abu Amjad[27] (Manbij Military Council & Northern Sun Battalion commander)
    (Euphrates Liberation Brigade commander)
    Talal Silo (spokesperson for the SDF, defected in 2017)

    Abdulsettar Al-Cadiri (Jarabulus military council commander)

    Islamic State Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi †
    Islamic State Abu Ali al-Anbari †
    Yunus Durmaz †[28]
    ISIL leader in Turkey, Gaziantep

    Abu Ansari †[29]
    (Emir of al-Bab)
    Abu Hussein al-Tunusi †[30]
    ISIL southern Raqqa field commander
    Abu Khalid Urduni †[31]
    (Emir of al-Bab)
    Islamic State Abu Ja'fr Dagestani †[32]
    (ISIL emir)    		 Syria Bashar al-Assad
    Syria Maher al-Assad
    Syria Ali Abdullah Ayyoub
    Units involved

    Syrian opposition Free Syrian Army
    Syrian opposition SNA (since 2016)

    Syrian Turkmen Brigades

    YPG
    YPJ
    Army of Revolutionaries[33]
    Various military councils
    MLKP
    TKP/ML TİKKO

    United Freedom Forces
    		 Unknown

    Syrian Arab Army

    National Defence Forces
    Strength
    685,862 servicemen
    668 aircraft    		 65,000 31,500–100,000 militants (2016) 178,000 servicemen
    320 aircraft
    Casualties and losses
    TurkeyTurkey
    299–356 servicemen killed
    Equipment
    Syrian opposition Syrian National Army
    2,290 killed[k]    		 Syrian Democratic Forces
    2,451 killed[o]

    Islamic State Islamic State
    3,000+ killed or captured[52] (per Turkey)

    Hayat Tahrir al-Sham 2 killed[53]

    Syrian opposition Lions of the East Army 1 killed[54]

    SyriaSyrian Government
    436 killed[r]

    Equipment
    • Destroyed or captured

    Hezbollah Hezbollah
    9-14 killed[70][71]
    Iran Iran
    5 killed[72][73]

    Russia Russia
    3 servicemen killed[74]
    Equipment
      • 1 Aircraft[u]
      • 1 Helicopter[v]
        Destroyed or captured
    765-1,517 civilians killed by Turkish Armed Forces and border guards[w]

    Turkey's involvement in the Syrian Civil War began diplomatically and later escalated militarily. Initially, Turkey condemned the Syrian government at the outbreak of civil unrest in Syria during the spring of 2011;[80] the Turkish government's involvement gradually evolved into military assistance for the Free Syrian Army in July 2011,[81] border clashes in 2012,[82] and direct military interventions in 2016–17,[83][84][85] in 2018,[86] in 2019, 2020, and in 2022.[87] The military operations have resulted in the Turkish occupation of northern Syria since August 2016.[88][89][90]

    After a decade of relatively friendly relations with Syria from 2000 to 2010, Turkey condemned Syrian president Bashar al-Assad over the violent crackdown on protests in 2011[80] and later that year joined a number of other countries demanding his resignation.[91] From the beginning of the war, Turkey trained defectors of the Syrian Army in its territory under the supervision of the Turkish National Intelligence Organisation (MİT), among whom emerged the Free Syrian Army (FSA) in July 2011. In May 2012, the Turkish National Intelligence Organisation (MİT) began arming and training the FSA[81] and provided them with a base of operations. Tensions between Syria and Turkey significantly worsened after Syrian forces shot down a Turkish fighter jet in June 2012, and border clashes erupted in October 2012.[82] On 24 August 2016, the Turkish Armed Forces began a direct military intervention into Syria by declaring Operation Euphrates Shield, mainly targeting the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.

    Turkey has strongly supported Syrian dissidents. Syrian opposition activists convened in Istanbul in May 2011 to discuss regime change,[92] and Turkey hosted the head of the Free Syrian Army, Colonel Riad al-Asaad.[93] Turkey became increasingly hostile to the Assad government's policies and encouraged reconciliation among dissident factions. Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan declared his intent to "cultivate a favorable relationship with whatever government would take the place of Assad."[94] In 2017, it facilitated the establishment of the Syrian National Army of the Syrian Interim Government, which it finances.

    A study by Metropoll in September 2019 found that 68% of Turks disapprove of the current government policies on Syria.[95][96] The poll also found that 47.5% of Turks see the Free Syrian Army as an "enemy". Three out of four Turks said that Syrian refugees should return to Syria "even if the war continues".[95] According to another research by Metropoll, the amount of support for 2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria was at 79%, while Operation Olive Branch had 71% support.[97]

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    42. ^ 1 Bayraktar UAS (12 Feb) [1]
      1 TAI Anka-S (25 February) [2] Archived 11 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine[3] Archived 11 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine
      1 Bayraktar TB2 (February 2020) [4] Archived 2 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine[5]
      1 TAI Anka-S (1 March)[6][7]
      1 Bayraktar TB-2 (3 March)[8][9]
      1 Bayraktar TB-2 (4 March) [10]
      1 Bayraktar TB2 (23 August 2020) [11]
      2 Unespecified [12][13]
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    51. ^ 4 killed (28 August),[14] 6 killed (7 September),[15] 22 killed (20–23 October),[16] 6 killed (25 October),[17] Archived 28 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine 9 killed (27 October),[18] Archived 16 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine 3 killed (8 November),[19] Archived 13 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine 1 killed (10 November),[20] Archived 17 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine 1 killed (11 November),[21] Archived 26 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine 6 killed (12–19 November),[22] Archived 23 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine 1 killed (20 November),[23] Archived 21 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine 8 killed (21 November),[24] Archived 21 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine 2 killed (22 November),[25] Archived 24 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine 6 killed (23 November),[26] 7 killed (27 November),[27] Archived 29 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine 4 killed (29 November),[28] Archived 30 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine 2 killed (1 December),[29] Archived 4 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine 3 killed (2 December),[30] Archived 2 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine 1 killed (7 December),[31] Archived 20 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine 2 killed (9 December),[32] Archived 20 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine 2 killed (14 December),[33] Archived 20 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine 1 killed (10 February),[34] Archived 11 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine 2 killed (11 February),[35] 1 killed (16 February),[36] Archived 18 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine 1 killed (19 February), [37] Archived 21 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine 3 killed (21 February), [38] Archived 22 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine 4 killed (1 March), [39] Archived 3 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine 5 killed (3 March), [40] Archived 4 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine 5 killed (9 March), [41] Archived 12 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine 3 killed (11 March), [42] Archived 12 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine 2 killed (14 March), [43] Archived 15 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine 1 killed (16 March), [44] Archived 17 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine 1 killed (18 March), [45] Archived 20 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine 2 killed (23 March), [46] Archived 24 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine
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