Twenty-Two Shrines

The Twenty-Two Shrines (二十二社, Nijūni-sha) of Japan is one ranking system for Shinto shrines. The system was established during the Heian period and formed part of the government's systematization of Shinto during the emergence of a general anti-Chinese sentiment and the suppression of the Taoist religion.^[1] It involved the establishment of the shrines as important centers of public life in Japan. It played a role in official imperial ceremonies such as the Practice of Chinkon. An extensive body of literature also emerged containing information about each shrine, including the shrine's origin, priestly dress, divine treatises, the system of shrine removal, subordinate shrines, and annual cycle of rituals, among others.^[1]

By the year 806, 4,870 households were assigned to Shinto shrines while the government provided a national endowment for their upkeep.^[1] These shrines also received special offerings from the Imperial Court. As time progressed, this offering to the shrines was amended^[1] so that Imperial envoys were only sent to the powerful shrines in Kyoto, which was the capital of Japan at the time.^[2] This amendment initially identified fourteen shrines but it was increased to twenty-two in 1081. There are historians who explained that the majority on the list involved those with central lineages supporting the imperial house, sites of cults that gained popular significance, and shrines in locations with the presence of Buddhist institutions.^[3]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Picken, Stuart (1994). Essentials of Shinto: An Analytical Guide to Principal Teachings. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 18. ISBN 0313264317.
^ Grapard, Allan. "Institution, Ritual, and Ideology: The Twenty-Two Shrine-Temple Multiplexes of Heian Japan," History of Religions, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Feb., 1988), pp. 246-269.
^ Shively, Donald; McCollough, William (1999). The Cambridge History of Japan, Volume 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 526. ISBN 0521223539.

[:0-1] Picken, Stuart (1994). Essentials of Shinto: An Analytical Guide to Principal Teachings. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 18. ISBN 0313264317.

[2] Grapard, Allan. "Institution, Ritual, and Ideology: The Twenty-Two Shrine-Temple Multiplexes of Heian Japan," History of Religions, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Feb., 1988), pp. 246-269.

[3] Shively, Donald; McCollough, William (1999). The Cambridge History of Japan, Volume 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 526. ISBN 0521223539.

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