Tylosaurus

Tylosaurus; Temporal range: Turonian-Maastrichtian,; ~
	Mounted cast of the T. proriger "Bunker" specimen (KUVP 5033)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Clade:	†Mosasauria
Family:	†Mosasauridae
Clade:	†Russellosaurina
Subfamily:	†Tylosaurinae
Genus:	†Tylosaurus; Marsh, 1872
Type species
	†Tylosaurus proriger; (Cope, 1869)
Other species
	†T. nepaeolicus (Cope, 1874); †T. bernardi (Dollo, 1885); †T. gaudryi (Thevenin, 1896); †T. ivoensis (Persson, 1963); †T. iembeensis (Antunes, 1964); †T. pembinensis (Nicholls, 1988); †T. saskatchewanensis Jiménez-Huidobro et al., 2018; Disputed or unpublished † T. kansasensis Everhart, 2005; † T. borealis Garvey, 2020; ;
Synonyms
	List of synonyms Synonyms of genus Elliptonodon Emmons, 1858; Liodon Cope, 1869; Rhamphosaurus Cope, 1872; Rhinosaurus Marsh, 1872; Hainosaurus(?) Dollo, 1885; ; Synonyms of T. proriger Macrosaurus proriger Cope, 1869; Macrosaurus pririger Cope, 1869; Liodon proriger Cope, 1869; Rhinosaurus proriger Marsh, 1872; Rhinosaurus micromus Cope, 1872; Tylosaurus dyspelor Leidy, 1873; Tylosaurus micromus Merriam, 1894; ; Synonyms of T. nepaeolicus Tylosaurus kansasensis Everhart, 2005; ; Synonyms of T. bernardi Hainosaurus bernardi Dollo, 1885; Leiodon anceps Deperet & Russo, 1925; ; Synonyms of T. gaudryi Mosasaurus gaudryi Thevenin, 1896; Hainosaurus bernardi Bardet, 1990; ; Synonyms of T. ivoensis Ichthyosaurus Nilsson, 1836; Mosasaurus hofmanni Nilsson, 1857; Mosasaurus camperi Schröder, 1885; Leiodon lundgreni Schröder, 1885; Mosasaurus giganteus Kuhn, 1939; Mosasaurus hoffmanni ivoensis Persson, 1963; Mosasaurus ivoensis Russell, 1967; Mosasaurus lemonnieri Lingham-Soliar, 1991; Hainosaurus ivoensis Lindgren, 1998; ; Synonyms of T. iembeensis Mosasaurus iembeensis Antunes, 1964; ; Synonyms of T. pembinensis Hainosaurus pembinensis Nicholls, 1988; ; ;

Tylosaurus (/ˌtaɪˈloʊˈsɔːrəs/; "knob lizard"^[a]) is a genus of russellosaurine mosasaur (an extinct group of predatory marine lizards) that lived about 92 to 66 million years ago during the Turonian to Maastrichtian stages of the Late Cretaceous. Its fossils have been found primarily around North Atlantic Ocean including in North America, Europe, and Africa.

^ Ogg, J.G.; Hinnov, L.A. (2012), "Cretaceous", in Gradstein, F. M.; Ogg, J. G.; Schmitz, M. D.; Ogg, G. M. (eds.), The Geologic Time Scale, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 793–853, doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-59425-9.00027-5, ISBN 978-0-444-59425-9, S2CID 127523816
^ Polycn, M.J.; Bell Jr., G.L.; Shimada, K.; Everhart, M.J. (2008). "The oldest North American mosasaurs (Squamata: Mosasauridae) from the Turonian (Upper Cretaceous) of Kansas and Texas with comments on the radiation of major mosasaur clades". Proceedings of the Second Mosasaur Meeting: 137–155.
^ Abelaid Loera Flores (2013). "Occurrence of a tylosaurine mosasaur (Mosasauridae; Russellosaurina) from the Turonian of Chihuahua State, Mexico" (PDF). Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana. 65 (1): 99–107. doi:10.18268/BSGM2013v65n1a8.
^ J.W.M. Jagt; J. Lindgren; M. Machalski; A. Radwański (2005). "New records of the tylosaurine mosasaur Hainosaurus from the Campanian-Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) of central Poland". Netherlands Journal of Geosciences. 84 (Special Issue 3): 303–306. Bibcode:2005NJGeo..84..303J. doi:10.1017/S0016774600021077.
^ J.J. Hornung; M. Reich (2015). "Tylosaurine mosasaurs (Squamata) from the Late Cretaceous of northern Germany". Netherlands Journal of Geosciences. 94 (1): 55–71. Bibcode:2015NJGeo..94...55H. doi:10.1017/njg.2014.31. S2CID 129384273.
^ Paulina Jiménez-Huidobro; Michael W. Caldwell (2019). "A New Hypothesis of the Phylogenetic Relationships of the Tylosaurinae (Squamata: Mosasauroidea)". Frontiers in Earth Science. 7 (47): 47. Bibcode:2019FrEaS...7...47J. doi:10.3389/feart.2019.00047. S2CID 85513442.
^ Louis L. Jacobs; Octávio Mateus; Michael J. Polcyn; Anne S. Schulp; Miguel Telles Antunes; Maria Luísa Morais; Tatiana da Silva Tavares (2006). "The occurrence and geological setting of Cretaceous dinosaurs, mosasaurs, plesiosaurs, and turtles from Angola" (PDF). Paleontological Society of Korea. 22 (1): 91–110.
^ Norbert Keutgen; Zbigniew Remin; John W.M. Jagt (2017). "The late Maastrichtian Belemnella kazimiroviensis group (Cephalopoda, Coleoidea) in the Middle Vistula valley (Poland) and the Maastricht area (the Netherlands, Belgium) – taxonomy and palaeobiological implications". Palaeontologia Electronica. 20.2.38A: 1–29. doi:10.26879/671.

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[GeologicTime-1] Ogg, J.G.; Hinnov, L.A. (2012), "Cretaceous", in Gradstein, F. M.; Ogg, J. G.; Schmitz, M. D.; Ogg, G. M. (eds.), The Geologic Time Scale, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 793–853, doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-59425-9.00027-5, ISBN 978-0-444-59425-9, S2CID 127523816

[Polcynetal2008-2] Polycn, M.J.; Bell Jr., G.L.; Shimada, K.; Everhart, M.J. (2008). "The oldest North American mosasaurs (Squamata: Mosasauridae) from the Turonian (Upper Cretaceous) of Kansas and Texas with comments on the radiation of major mosasaur clades". Proceedings of the Second Mosasaur Meeting: 137–155.

[Flores-3] Abelaid Loera Flores (2013). "Occurrence of a tylosaurine mosasaur (Mosasauridae; Russellosaurina) from the Turonian of Chihuahua State, Mexico" (PDF). Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana. 65 (1): 99–107. doi:10.18268/BSGM2013v65n1a8.

[Jagtetal2005-4] J.W.M. Jagt; J. Lindgren; M. Machalski; A. Radwański (2005). "New records of the tylosaurine mosasaur Hainosaurus from the Campanian-Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) of central Poland". Netherlands Journal of Geosciences. 84 (Special Issue 3): 303–306. Bibcode:2005NJGeo..84..303J. doi:10.1017/S0016774600021077.

[HornungandReich-5] J.J. Hornung; M. Reich (2015). "Tylosaurine mosasaurs (Squamata) from the Late Cretaceous of northern Germany". Netherlands Journal of Geosciences. 94 (1): 55–71. Bibcode:2015NJGeo..94...55H. doi:10.1017/njg.2014.31. S2CID 129384273.

[JimenezCaldwell-6] Paulina Jiménez-Huidobro; Michael W. Caldwell (2019). "A New Hypothesis of the Phylogenetic Relationships of the Tylosaurinae (Squamata: Mosasauroidea)". Frontiers in Earth Science. 7 (47): 47. Bibcode:2019FrEaS...7...47J. doi:10.3389/feart.2019.00047. S2CID 85513442.

[Jacobsetal-7] Louis L. Jacobs; Octávio Mateus; Michael J. Polcyn; Anne S. Schulp; Miguel Telles Antunes; Maria Luísa Morais; Tatiana da Silva Tavares (2006). "The occurrence and geological setting of Cretaceous dinosaurs, mosasaurs, plesiosaurs, and turtles from Angola" (PDF). Paleontological Society of Korea. 22 (1): 91–110.

[Keutgenetal-8] Norbert Keutgen; Zbigniew Remin; John W.M. Jagt (2017). "The late Maastrichtian Belemnella kazimiroviensis group (Cephalopoda, Coleoidea) in the Middle Vistula valley (Poland) and the Maastricht area (the Netherlands, Belgium) – taxonomy and palaeobiological implications". Palaeontologia Electronica. 20.2.38A: 1–29. doi:10.26879/671.

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Tylosaurus Temporal range: Turonian-Maastrichtian, ~^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

Mounted cast of the T. proriger "Bunker" specimen (KUVP 5033)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Clade:	†Mosasauria
Family:	†Mosasauridae
Clade:	†Russellosaurina
Subfamily:	†Tylosaurinae
Genus:	†Tylosaurus Marsh, 1872
Type species
†Tylosaurus proriger (Cope, 1869)
Other species
†T. nepaeolicus (Cope, 1874) †T. bernardi (Dollo, 1885) †T. gaudryi (Thevenin, 1896) †T. ivoensis (Persson, 1963) †T. iembeensis (Antunes, 1964) †T. pembinensis (Nicholls, 1988) †T. saskatchewanensis Jiménez-Huidobro et al., 2018 Disputed or unpublished † T. kansasensis Everhart, 2005 † T. borealis Garvey, 2020
Synonyms
List of synonyms Synonyms of genus Elliptonodon Emmons, 1858 Liodon Cope, 1869 Rhamphosaurus Cope, 1872 Rhinosaurus Marsh, 1872 Hainosaurus(?) Dollo, 1885 Synonyms of T. proriger Macrosaurus proriger Cope, 1869 Macrosaurus pririger Cope, 1869 Liodon proriger Cope, 1869 Rhinosaurus proriger Marsh, 1872 Rhinosaurus micromus Cope, 1872 Tylosaurus dyspelor Leidy, 1873 Tylosaurus micromus Merriam, 1894 Synonyms of T. nepaeolicus Tylosaurus kansasensis Everhart, 2005 Synonyms of T. bernardi Hainosaurus bernardi Dollo, 1885 Leiodon anceps Deperet & Russo, 1925 Synonyms of T. gaudryi Mosasaurus gaudryi Thevenin, 1896 Hainosaurus bernardi Bardet, 1990 Synonyms of T. ivoensis Ichthyosaurus Nilsson, 1836 Mosasaurus hofmanni Nilsson, 1857 Mosasaurus camperi Schröder, 1885 Leiodon lundgreni Schröder, 1885 Mosasaurus giganteus Kuhn, 1939 Mosasaurus hoffmanni ivoensis Persson, 1963 Mosasaurus ivoensis Russell, 1967 Mosasaurus lemonnieri Lingham-Soliar, 1991 Hainosaurus ivoensis Lindgren, 1998 Synonyms of T. iembeensis Mosasaurus iembeensis Antunes, 1964 Synonyms of T. pembinensis Hainosaurus pembinensis Nicholls, 1988