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USB

This article is about the computer bus standard. For other uses, see USB (disambiguation).

USB
Universal Serial Bus
The current connector for USB, Thunderbolt, and other protocols: USB-C (plug and receptacle shown)
Type Bus
Production history
Designer
Designed January 1996 (1996-01)
Produced Since May 1996[1]
Superseded Serial port, parallel port, game port, Apple Desktop Bus, PS/2 port, and FireWire (IEEE 1394)

Universal Serial Bus (USB) is an industry standard, developed by USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF), for digital data transmission and power delivery between many types of electronics. It specifies the architecture, in particular the physical interfaces, and communication protocols to and from hosts, such as personal computers, to and from peripheral devices, e.g. displays, keyboards, and mass storage devices, and to and from intermediate hubs, which multiply the number of a host's ports.[2]

Introduced in 1996, USB was originally designed to standardize the connection of peripherals to computers, replacing various interfaces such as serial ports, parallel ports, game ports, and Apple Desktop Bus (ADB) ports.[3] Early versions of USB became commonplace on a wide range of devices, such as keyboards, mice, cameras, printers, scanners, flash drives, smartphones, game consoles, and power banks.[4] USB has since evolved into a standard to replace virtually all common ports on computers, mobile devices, peripherals, power supplies, and manifold other small electronics.

In the latest standard, the USB-C connector replaces many types of connectors for power (up to 240 W), displays (e.g. DisplayPort, HDMI), and many other uses, as well as all previous USB connectors.

As of 2024, USB consists of four generations of specifications: USB 1.x, USB 2.0, USB 3.x, and USB4. The USB4 specification enhances the data transfer and power delivery functionality with "a connection-oriented tunneling architecture designed to combine multiple protocols onto a single physical interface so that the total speed and performance of the USB4 Fabric can be dynamically shared."[2] In particular, USB4 supports the tunneling of the Thunderbolt 3 protocols, namely PCI Express (PCIe, load/store interface) and DisplayPort (display interface). USB4 also adds host-to-host interfaces.[2]

Each specification sub-version supports different signaling rates from 1.5 and 12 Mbit/s half-duplex in USB 1.0/1.1 to 80 Gbit/s full-duplex in USB4 2.0.[5][6][7][2] USB also provides power to peripheral devices; the latest versions of the standard extend the power delivery limits for battery charging and devices requiring up to 240 watts as defined in USB Power Delivery (USB-PD) Rev. V3.1.[8] Over the years, USB(-PD) has been adopted as the standard power supply and charging format for many mobile devices, such as mobile phones, reducing the need for proprietary chargers.[9]

  1. ^ "82371FB (PIIX) and 82371SB (PIIX3) PCI ISA IDE Xcelerator" (PDF). Intel. May 1996. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  2. ^ a b c d "USB4 Specification v2.0" (ZIP) (Version 2.0 ed.). USB Implementers Forum. 12 December 2024. Retrieved 27 February 2025.
  3. ^ "About USB-IF". USB Implementers Forum. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  4. ^ "USB deserves more support". Business. Boston Globe Online. Simson. 31 December 1995. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2011.
  5. ^ "Universal Serial Bus 3.1 Specification" (ZIP). USB Implementers Forum. Retrieved 27 April 2023.[permanent dead link‍]
  6. ^ "Universal Serial Bus 2.0 Specification" (ZIP) (Revision 2.0 ed.). USB Implementers Forum. 27 April 2000. Retrieved 27 April 2023.[permanent dead link‍]
  7. ^ "USB 3.2 Revision 1.01 – June 2022" (HTML) (Revision 1.01 ed.). October 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
  8. ^ "Universal Serial Bus Power Delivery Specification Revision 3.0 Version 2.0a (Released)" (ZIP). USB Implementers Forum. Retrieved 27 April 2023.[permanent dead link‍]
  9. ^ "Universal Charging Solution". GSMA. 17 February 2009. Archived from the original on 30 November 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2011.

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