VVER

VVER reactor class
View of the Balakovo Nuclear Power Plant site, with four operational VVER-1000 reactors.
Generation	Generation I reactor Generation II reactor Generation III reactor Generation III+ reactor
Reactor concept	Pressurized water reactor
Reactor line	VVER (Voda Voda Energo Reactor)
Reactor types	VVER-210 VVER-365 VVER-440 VVER-1000 VVER-1200 VVER-TOI
Main parameters of the reactor core
Fuel (fissile material)	235U (LEU)
Fuel state	Solid
Neutron energy spectrum	Thermal
Primary control method	Control rods
Primary moderator	Water
Primary coolant	Liquid (light water)
Reactor usage
Primary use	Generation of electricity
Power (thermal)	VVER-210: 760 MWth VVER-365: 1,325 MWth VVER-440: 1,375 MWth VVER-1000: 3,000 MWth VVER-1200: 3,212 MWth VVER-TOI: 3,300 MWth
Power (electric)	VVER-210: 210 MWel VVER-365: 365 MWel VVER-440: 440 MWel VVER-1000: 1,000 MWel VVER-1200: 1,200 MWel VVER-TOI: 1,300 MWel

The water-water energetic reactor (WWER),^[1] or VVER (from Russian: водо-водяной энергетический реактор; transliterates as vodo-vodyanoi enyergeticheskiy reaktor; water-water power reactor) is a series of pressurized water reactor designs originally developed in the Soviet Union, and now Russia, by OKB Gidropress.^[2] The idea of such a reactor was proposed at the Kurchatov Institute by Savely Moiseevich Feinberg. VVER were originally developed before the 1970s, and have been continually updated. As a result, the name VVER is associated with a wide variety of reactor designs spanning from generation I reactors to modern generation III+ reactor designs. Power output ranges from 70 to 1300 MWe, with designs of up to 1700 MWe in development.^[3][4] The first prototype VVER-210 was built at the Novovoronezh Nuclear Power Plant.

VVER power stations have mostly been installed in Russia, but also in Ukraine, Belarus, Armenia, China, the Czech Republic, Finland, Hungary, Slovakia, Bulgaria, India and Iran. Countries that are planning to introduce VVER reactors include Bangladesh, Egypt, Jordan, and Turkey. Germany shut down its VVER reactors in 1989-90,^[5] and cancelled those under construction.