Schematic design of a vanadium redox flow battery system[4]1 MW 4 MWh containerized vanadium flow battery owned by Avista Utilities and manufactured by UniEnergy TechnologiesA vanadium redox flow battery located at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
The vanadium redox battery (VRB), also known as the vanadium flow battery (VFB) or vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB), is a type of rechargeable flow battery. It employs vanadium ions as charge carriers.[5] The battery uses vanadium's ability to exist in a solution in four different oxidation states to make a battery with a single electroactive element instead of two.[6] For several reasons, including their relative bulkiness, vanadium batteries are typically used for grid energy storage, i.e., attached to power plants/electrical grids.[7]
Numerous companies and organizations are involved in funding and developing vanadium redox batteries.
^Skyllas-Kazacos, Maria; Kasherman, D.; Hong, D.R.; Kazacos, M. (September 1991). "Characteristics and performance of 1 kW UNSW vanadium redox battery". Journal of Power Sources. 35 (4): 399–404. Bibcode:1991JPS....35..399S. doi:10.1016/0378-7753(91)80058-6.
^M. Skyllas-Kazacos, M. Rychcik and R. Robins, in AU Patent 575247 (1986), to Unisearch Ltd.