Ventral nerve cord

The ventral nerve cord is a major structure of the invertebrate central nervous system. It is the functional equivalent of the vertebrate spinal cord.^[2] The ventral nerve cord coordinates neural signaling from the brain to the body and vice versa, integrating sensory input and locomotor output.^[1] Because arthropods have an open circulatory system, decapitated insects can still walk, groom, and mate — illustrating that the circuitry of the ventral nerve cord is sufficient to perform complex motor programs without brain input.^[3]

^ ^a ^b Tuthill JC, Wilson RI (October 2016). "Mechanosensation and Adaptive Motor Control in Insects". Current Biology. 26 (20): R1022–R1038. Bibcode:2016CBio...26R1022T. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.070. PMC 5120761. PMID 27780045.
^ Hickman C, Roberts L, Keen S, Larson A, Eisenhour D (2007). Animal Diversity (4th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-252844-2.
^ Venkatasubramanian L, Mann RS (June 2019). "The development and assembly of the Drosophila adult ventral nerve cord". Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 56: 135–143. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2019.01.013. PMC 6551290. PMID 30826502.

[Tuthill_2016-1] Tuthill JC, Wilson RI (October 2016). "Mechanosensation and Adaptive Motor Control in Insects". Current Biology. 26 (20): R1022–R1038. Bibcode:2016CBio...26R1022T. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.070. PMC 5120761. PMID 27780045.

[Animal_Diversity-2] Hickman C, Roberts L, Keen S, Larson A, Eisenhour D (2007). Animal Diversity (4th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-252844-2.

[Venkatasubramanian_2019-3] Venkatasubramanian L, Mann RS (June 2019). "The development and assembly of the Drosophila adult ventral nerve cord". Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 56: 135–143. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2019.01.013. PMC 6551290. PMID 30826502.

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