Back 巴基斯坦供水 Chinese

Water supply and sanitation in Pakistan

Not to be confused with Water resources management in Pakistan.
Pakistan: Water and Sanitation
Data
Access to drinking water 94% (2020)[1]
  • Safely managed: 36%
  • Basic: 54%
  • Limited: 4%
Sanitation coverage 93% (2023)[1]
  • Basic Sanitation: 68%
  • Limited Sanitation: 25%
  • No access to sanitation (Open Defecation): 7%
Continuity of supply (%) Mostly intermittent in urban areas[2]
Average urban water use (L/person/day) Karachi: 197 (2001)[3]
Average urban water tariff (US$/m³) Karachi: 0.09 (2012)[4]
Share of household metering Low[2]
Annual investment in WSS Scheduled: US$2.66 per capita (2005–2010)[5][6][7]
Share of self-financing by utilities Low [8]
Share of tax-financing n/a
Share of external financing n/a
Institutions
Decentralization to municipalities Yes, since 2001
National water and sanitation company None
Water and sanitation regulator None
Responsibility for policy setting Ministry of Climate Change (formerly called Ministry of Environment)
Sector law None
Number of urban service providers n/a
Number of rural service providers n/a

Drinking water supply and sanitation in Pakistan is characterized by some achievements and many challenges.[citation needed] In 2020, 68% Pakistanis, 72% Indians, 54% Bangladeshi had access to the basic sanitation facilities.[9] Despite high population growth the country has increased the share of the population with access to an improved water source from 85% in 1990 to 92% in 2010, although this does not necessarily mean that the water from these sources is safe to drink.[citation needed] The share with access to improved sanitation increased from 27% to 38% during the same period, according to the Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation.[10] There has also been considerable innovation at the grass-root level, in particular concerning sanitation. The Orangi Pilot Project in Karachi[11] and community-led total sanitation in rural areas are two examples of such innovation.

However, the sector still faces major challenges. The quality of the services is poor, as evidenced by intermittent water supply in urban areas and limited wastewater treatment. Poor drinking water quality and sanitation lead to major outbreaks of waterborne diseases[12] such as those that swept the cities of Faisalabad, Karachi, Lahore and Peshawar in 2006.[12] Estimates indicate that each year, more than three million Pakistanis become infected with waterborne diseases.[13] In addition, many service providers do not even cover the costs of operation and maintenance due to low tariffs and poor efficiency.[8] Consequently, the service providers strongly depend on government subsidies and external funding.[14] A National Sanitation Policy and a National Drinking Water Policy were passed in 2006 and 2009 respectively with the objective to improve water and sanitation coverage and quality.[6][15] However, the level of annual investment (US$4/capita) still remains much below what would be necessary to achieve a significant increase in access and service quality. Pakistan is currently grappling with a critical water crisis, transitioning swiftly from a state of water "stressed" to water "scarce." The annual water availability per person has plummeted below 1,000 cubic meters, possibly surpassing this threshold already. To put it in perspective, this means that the yearly water allocation for each individual in Pakistan would not even fill half of an Olympic swimming pool.[16]

  1. ^ a b World Health Organization; UNICEF. "Joint Monitoring Program".
  2. ^ a b Water and Sanitation Program (August 2004). "Managing Karachi's water supply and sanitation services: lessons from a workshop" (PDF): 4. Retrieved 2008-06-04. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. ^ Asian Development Bank (January 2004). Water in Asian Cities - Utilities Performance and Civil Society Views. Manila: Asian development bank (ADB). p. 47. ISBN 971-561-524-4. Retrieved 2008-06-05.
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference GWI was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Government of Pakistan. Ministry of Planning and Development (2004). "Medium Term Development Framework 2005-10. Section 10: Water and Sanitation" (PDF). Islamabad. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-04. Retrieved 2008-05-29. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help), section 10.7.
  6. ^ a b 1 Pakistani Rupee = US$0.01684 (2004-12-31); source: http://oanda.com
  7. ^ Bangladesh had 152,061,300 inhabitants in 2004; source: http://devdata.worldbank.org/query/ Archived 2008-05-03 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ a b Bridges, Geoff; Asian Development Bank (ADB) (2007). Asian Water Development Outlook 2007. Country Paper Pakistan. Asian Development Bank. pp. 12–13. ISBN 9789814136068. Retrieved 2008-05-28.
  9. ^ Cite error: The named reference basic1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Bridges, Geoff; Asian Development Bank (ADB) (2007). Asian Water Development Outlook 2007. Country Paper Pakistan. Asian Development Bank. p. 11. ISBN 9789814136068. Retrieved 2008-05-28.
  11. ^ Welle, Katherina (March 2008). "Mapping as a basis for sanitation implementation in Pakistan: the case of the Orangi Pilot Project" (PDF). Beyond Construction. Use by All. A Collection of Case Studies from Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion Practitioners in South Asia. London: WaterAid, IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre: 95–110. ISBN 978-9937-2-0472-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-12. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
  12. ^ a b Bridges, Geoff; Asian Development Bank (ADB) (2007). Asian Water Development Outlook 2007. Country Paper Pakistan. Asian Development Bank. p. 9. ISBN 9789814136068. Retrieved 2008-05-28.
  13. ^ Weekly Independent. 2005-03-17. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); cited in:Water and Sanitation Program (August 2004). "Managing Karachi's water supply and sanitation services: lessons from a workshop" (PDF): 3. Retrieved 2008-06-04. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  14. ^ Government of Pakistan. Ministry of Water and Power (October 2002). "Pakistan Water Sector Strategy. Water Sector Profile. Volume 5" (PDF): 105. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-12-31. Retrieved 2008-05-29. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  15. ^ Government of Pakistan. Ministry of Planning and Development (2004). "Medium Term Development Framework 2005-10. Section 10: Water and Sanitation" (PDF). Islamabad. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-04. Retrieved 2008-05-29. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  16. ^ "Making Every Drop Count: Pakistan's growing water scarcity challenge". International Institute for Sustainable Development. Retrieved 2023-06-23.

Rich TVX News Network Site

Rich TVX News Network Info

© MMXXIII Rich X Search. We shall prevail. All rights reserved. Rich X Search