Wine

Wine
	Glasses of red and white wine
Type	Alcoholic beverage
Alcohol by volume	Varies; typically 11–14%
Ingredients	Varies; see Winemaking
Variants	Red; White; Rosé; Orange; Sparkling; Dessert;

Wine is an alcoholic drink made from fermented fruit. Yeast consumes the sugar in the fruit and converts it to ethanol and carbon dioxide, releasing heat in the process. Wine is most often made from grapes, and the term "wine" generally refers to grape wine when used without any qualification. Even so, wine can be made from a variety of fruit crops, including plum, cherry, pomegranate, blueberry, currant, and elderberry.

Different varieties of grapes and strains of yeasts are major factors in different styles of wine. These differences result from the complex interactions between the biochemical development of the grape, the reactions involved in fermentation, the grape's growing environment (terroir), and the wine production process. Many countries enact legal appellations intended to define styles and qualities of wine. These typically restrict the geographical origin and permitted varieties of grapes, as well as other aspects of wine production.

Wine has been produced for thousands of years. The earliest evidence of wine is from the present-day Georgia (6000 BCE). Later, as Old World wine further developed viticulture techniques, Europe would encompass three of the largest wine-producing regions. The top five wine producing countries of 2023 were Italy, France, Spain, the United States and China.

Wine has long played an important role in religion. Red wine was associated with blood by the ancient Egyptians,^[2] and was used by both the Greek cult of Dionysus and the Romans in their Bacchanalia; Judaism also incorporates it in the Kiddush, and Christianity in the Eucharist. Egyptian, Greek, Roman, and Israeli wine cultures are still connected to these ancient roots. Similarly the largest wine regions in Italy, Spain, and France have heritages in connection to sacramental wine, likewise, viticulture traditions in the Southwestern United States started within New Spain as Catholic friars and monks first produced wines in New Mexico and California.^[3]^[4]^[5]

^ "Review of typical ABV levels in beer, cider and wine purchased for the 'in home' market" (PDF). gov.uk. Public Health England. June 2020. pp. 14–15. Retrieved 17 April 2025.
^ Plutarch (1936). "Isis and Osiris". Moralia. Vol. V. Translated by Babbitt, Frank Cole (Loeb Classical Library ed.). Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 3–6. ISBN 978-0-674-99337-2. Retrieved 7 May 2024 – via Loeb Classical Library and University of Chicago Press. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
^ Congressional Serial Set. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1903. p. 263. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
^ Adams, Fiona (29 April 2019). "New Mexico's Deep Winemaking History". Wine Enthusiast. Archived from the original on 23 August 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
^ California Vineyardists Association; Associated California Fruit Industries (1980). Wines and Vines. Hiaring Company. Retrieved 6 May 2020.

[1] "Review of typical ABV levels in beer, cider and wine purchased for the 'in home' market" (PDF). gov.uk. Public Health England. June 2020. pp. 14–15. Retrieved 17 April 2025.

[2] Plutarch (1936). "Isis and Osiris". Moralia. Vol. V. Translated by Babbitt, Frank Cole (Loeb Classical Library ed.). Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 3–6. ISBN 978-0-674-99337-2. Retrieved 7 May 2024 – via Loeb Classical Library and University of Chicago Press. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

[3] Congressional Serial Set. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1903. p. 263. Retrieved 6 May 2020.

[4] Adams, Fiona (29 April 2019). "New Mexico's Deep Winemaking History". Wine Enthusiast. Archived from the original on 23 August 2019. Retrieved 6 May 2020.

[5] California Vineyardists Association; Associated California Fruit Industries (1980). Wines and Vines. Hiaring Company. Retrieved 6 May 2020.

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