World War I

World War I
From top to bottom, left to right: French attack from a trench at the Battle of Verdun, 1916 German machine gun crew wearing gas masks, c. 1918 British Mark I tank at the Battle of the Somme, 1916 Aftermath of the Russian siege of Przemyśl in Austria-Hungary, 1915 Ottoman Arab camel corps leaving for the Middle Eastern front, 1916 Bulgarian troops during the Monastir offensive, 1916
Date 28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918 (4 years, 3 months and 2 weeks) Peace treaties Treaty of Versailles Signed 28 June 1919 [b] Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye Signed 10 September 1919 Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine Signed 27 November 1919 [c] Treaty of Trianon Signed 4 June 1920 Treaty of Sèvres Signed 10 August 1920 [d] United States–Austria Peace Treaty Signed 24 August 1921 [e][f] United States–Germany Peace Treaty Signed 25 August 1921 [g] United States–Hungary Peace Treaty Signed 29 August 1921 [h] Treaty of Lausanne Signed 24 July 1923 [i] Location Europe Middle East Africa Pacific Atlantic Mediterranean and Adriatic Result Allied Powers victory See Aftermath of World War I Territorial changes Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East, such as Poland, Yugoslavia, Weimar Germany, the Soviet Union, Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia, Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Turkey, Hejaz, and Yemen Transfer of German colonies and territories to other countries, partition of the Ottoman Empire, dissolution of Austria-Hungary
Belligerents
Allied Powers:  France  United Kingdom  and Empire:  Australia Canada  Ceylon  Egypt  Newfoundland  New Zealand  India  South Africa Russia[a]  Japan  Italy (from 1915)  United States (from 1917) and others ...	Central Powers:  Germany  Austria-Hungary  Ottoman Empire  Bulgaria (from 1915) and others ...
Commanders and leaders
Main Allied leaders: Raymond Poincaré H. H. Asquith David Lloyd George Nicholas II Vittorio Emanuele Orlando Woodrow Wilson Yoshihito	Main Central leaders: Wilhelm II Franz Joseph I Enver Pasha Ferdinand I
Casualties and losses
Military dead: Over 5,525,000 Civilian dead: Over 4,000,000 Total dead: Over 9,000,000 ...further details	Military dead: Over 4,386,000 Civilian dead: Over 3,700,000 Total dead: Over 8,000,000 ...further details

World War I^[j] or the First World War (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers. Fighting took place mainly in Europe and the Middle East, as well as parts of Africa and the Asia-Pacific, and was characterised by trench warfare and the use of artillery, machine guns, and chemical weapons (gas). World War I was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, resulting in an estimated 9 million military dead and 23 million wounded, plus up to 8 million civilian deaths from causes including genocide. The movement of large numbers of troops and civilians was a major factor in spreading the Spanish flu pandemic.

The causes of World War I included the rise of Germany and decline of the Ottoman Empire, which disturbed the balance of power in place in Europe for most of the 19th century, as well as increased economic competition between nations triggered by new waves of industrialisation and imperialism. Growing tensions between the great powers and in the Balkans reached a breaking point on 28 June 1914, when a Bosnian Serb named Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne. Austria-Hungary held Serbia responsible, and declared war on 28 July. Russia mobilised in Serbia's defence, and by 4 August, Germany, Russia, France, and the United Kingdom were drawn into the war, with the Ottomans joining in November of the same year. Germany's strategy in 1914 was to quickly defeat France, then to transfer its forces to the Russian front. However, this failed, and by the end of the year the Western Front consisted of a continuous line of trenches stretching from the English Channel to Switzerland. The Eastern Front was more dynamic, but neither side could gain a decisive advantage, despite costly offensives. As the fighting expanded to more fronts, Italy, Bulgaria, Romania, Greece and others joined in from 1915 onward.

In April 1917, the United States entered the war on the Allied side following Germany's resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare against Atlantic shipping; later that year, the Bolsheviks seized power in the Russian October Revolution, after which Soviet Russia signed an armistice with the Central Powers in December, followed by a separate peace in March 1918. That month, Germany launched an offensive in the west, which despite initial successes left the German Army exhausted and demoralised. A successful Allied counter-offensive from August 1918 caused a collapse of the German front line. By early November, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary had each signed armistices with the Allies, leaving Germany isolated. Facing revolution at home, Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated on 9 November, and the war ended with the Armistice of 11 November 1918.

The Paris Peace Conference of 1919–1920 imposed various settlements on the defeated powers, most notably the Treaty of Versailles, by which Germany lost significant territories, was disarmed, and was required to pay large sums of war reparations to the Allies. The dissolution of the Russian, German, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman Empires redrew national boundaries and resulted in the creation of new independent states, including Poland, Finland, the Baltic states, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. The League of Nations was established to maintain world peace, but its inability to manage instability during the interwar period contributed to the outbreak of World War II in 1939.
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