Yellow Emperor 黃帝 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Predecessor | Fuxi | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Successor | Zhuanxu or Shaohao | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Born | Gongsun Xuanyuan | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spouse | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Issue | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Father | Shaodian | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mother | Fubao | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Traditional Chinese | 黃帝 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 黄帝 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Literal meaning |
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Yellow Emperor | |
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Member of Wufang Shangdi | |
Major cult centre | Mount Song |
Predecessor | Chidi (Wuxing cycle, also political with the Flame Emperor) |
Successor | Baidi (Wuxing cycle, also political with Shaohao) |
Planet | Saturn |
The Yellow Emperor, also known as the Yellow Thearch or by his Chinese name Huangdi (/ˈhwɑːŋ ˈdiː/), is a mythical Chinese sovereign and culture hero included among the legendary Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors, and an individual deity (shen) or part of the Five Regions Highest Deities (Chinese: 五方上帝; pinyin: Wǔfāng Shàngdì)[3] in Chinese folk religion.[4] Calculated by Jesuit missionaries, who based their work on various Chinese chronicles, and later accepted by the twentieth-century promoters of a universal calendar starting with the Yellow Emperor, Huangdi's traditional reign dates are 2697–2597 or 2698–2598 BC.
Huangdi's cult is first attested in the Warring States period,[5] and became prominent late in that same period and into the early Han dynasty, when he was portrayed as the originator of the centralized state, as a cosmic ruler, and as a patron of esoteric arts. A large number of texts – such as the Huangdi Neijing, a medical classic, and the Huangdi Sijing, a group of political treatises – were thus attributed to him. Having waned in influence during most of the imperial period, in the early twentieth century Huangdi became a rallying figure for Han Chinese attempts to overthrow the rule of the Qing dynasty, remaining a powerful symbol within modern Chinese nationalism.[6] Traditionally credited with numerous inventions and innovations – the lunar calendar (Chinese calendar), Taoism,[7] wooden houses, boats, carts,[8] the compass needle,[9] "the earliest forms of writing",[10] and cuju, a ball game – the Yellow Emperor is now regarded as the initiator of Han culture (later Chinese culture).[11]
The Yellow Emperor, who was believed to be the ancestor of the Chinese people and who was – and remains – a symbol of Chinese nationalism.
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