Zhuge Liang

Zhuge Liang
Zhuge Liang
Traditional Chinese	諸葛亮
Simplified Chinese	诸葛亮
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Zhūgě Liàng
Gwoyeu Romatzyh	Ju-ger Lianq
Wade–Giles	Chu1-ko3 Liang4
IPA	[ʈʂú.kɤ̌ ljâŋ]
Wu
Romanization	Tsü-keʔ Liang
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization	Jyū-got Leuhng
Jyutping	Zyu1-got3 Loeng6
IPA	[tsyː˥kɔːt̚˧ lœːŋ˨]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ	Chu-kat Liōng
Tâi-lô	Tsu-kat Liōng
Middle Chinese
Middle Chinese	*t͡ɕɨʌ kɑt̚ lɨɐŋH
Kongming; (courtesy name)
Chinese	孔明
Hanyu Pinyin
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Kǒngmíng
Gwoyeu Romatzyh	Koong-ming
Wade–Giles	Kʻung³-ming²
IPA	[kʰʊ̀ŋmǐŋ]
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization	Húng-mìhng
Jyutping	Hung2-ming4
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ	Khóng-bîng
Middle Chinese
Middle Chinese	*kʰuŋX mˠiæŋ

Zhuge Liang
Zhuge Liang
諸葛亮
	An illustration of Zhuge Liang
Imperial Chancellor of Shu Han
	In office; 229 – September or October 234
	In office; May 221 – 228
Monarch	Liu Bei / Liu Shan
General of the Right
	In office; 228–229
Monarch	Liu Shan
Governor of Yi Province
	In office; 223 – September or October 234
Monarch	Liu Shan
Succeeded by	Jiang Wan (as Inspector)
Colonel-Director of Retainers
	In office; 221 – September or October 234
Monarch	Liu Bei / Liu Shan
Preceded by	Zhang Fei
Deputy Head of the Secretariat
	In office; 221 – September or October 234
Monarch	Liu Bei / Liu Shan
Succeeded by	Jiang Wan
Personal details
Born	181; Yinan County, Shandong
Died	September or October 234 (aged 53); Wuzhang Plains, Shaanxi
Resting place	Mount Dingjun, Shaanxi
Spouse	Lady Huang
Relations	Zhuge Jin (brother); Zhuge Dan (cousin); Zhuge Xuan (cousin);
Children	Zhuge Qiao (adopted); Zhuge Zhan; Zhuge Huai; Zhuge Guo;
Parent	Zhuge Gui (father);
Occupation	Statesman, military leader, scholar, inventor
Courtesy name	Kongming (孔明)
Posthumous name	Marquis Zhongwu (忠武侯)
Peerage	Marquis of Wu District; (武鄉侯)
Nickname(s)	"Sleeping Dragon"; (臥龍 / 伏龍)

Zhuge Liang (pronunciation^ⓘ) (181 – September or October 234),^[a] also commonly known by his courtesy name Kongming, was a Chinese statesman, strategist, and inventor who lived through the end of the Eastern Han dynasty (c. 184–220) and the early Three Kingdoms period (220–280) of China. During the Three Kingdoms period, he served as the Imperial Chancellor (or Prime Minister) of the state of Shu Han (221–263) from its founding in 221 and later as regent from 223 until his death in September or October 234.^[1]

He is recognised as the most accomplished strategist of his era. His reputation as an intelligent and learned scholar grew even while he was living in relative seclusion, earning him the nickname "Wolong" or "Fulong" (both meaning "Sleeping Dragon").

Zhuge Liang was Legalist in his methods,^[2] but also Confucian oriented,^[3] as Zhuge Liang was critical of the Legalist thought of Shang Yang^[4] and advocated benevolence and education as tenets of being a ruler.^[5] He compared himself with Guan Zhong,^[2] developing Shu's agriculture and industry to become a regional power.^[6] He attached great importance to the works of Shen Buhai and Han Fei,^[3] refusing to indulge local elites and adopting strict, but fair and clear laws. In remembrance of his governance, local people maintained shrines to him for ages.^[7]

Zhuge is an uncommon two-character Chinese compound family name. In 760, when Emperor Suzong of the Tang dynasty built a temple to honour Jiang Ziya, he had sculptures of ten famous historical military generals and strategists placed in the temple flanking Jiang Ziya's statue: Zhuge Liang, Bai Qi, Han Xin, Li Jing, Li Shiji, Zhang Liang, Tian Rangju, Sun Tzu, Wu Qi, and Yue Yi.^[8]

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

^ ^a ^b de Crespigny (2007), p. 1172.
^ ^a ^b Dillon (1998), p. 389.
^ ^a ^b Guo & Guo (2008), p. 38.
^ (老子长于养性，不可以临危难。商鞅长于理法，不可以从教化。苏、张长于驰辞，不可以结盟誓。白起长于攻取，不可以广众。子胥长于图敌，不可以谋身。尾生长于守信，不可以应变。王嘉长于遇明君，不可以事暗主。许子将长于明臧否，不可以养人物。此任长之术者也。) Zhuge Liang ji, vol. 2.
^ (故为君之道，以教令为先，诛罚为后，不教而战，是谓弃之。) Zhuge Liang ji, vol. 3.
(君臣之政，其犹天地之象，天地之象明，则君臣之道具矣。君以施下为仁，臣以事上为义。二心不可以事君，疑政不可以授臣。上下好礼，则民易使，上下和顺，则君臣之道具矣。君以礼使臣，臣以忠事君。君谋其政，臣谋其事。政者，正名也，事者，劝功也。) Zhuge Liang ji, vol. 3.
^ Cite error: The named reference Deng 2007 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Auyang (2014), p. 290.
^ Ouyang Xiu; Song Qi, eds. (1060). "vol. 15: treatise 5 on rites and music". Xin Tang Shu 新唐書. 上元元年，尊太公為武成王，祭典與文宣王比，以歷代良將為十哲象坐侍。秦武安君白起、漢淮陰侯韓信、蜀丞相諸葛亮、唐尚書右僕射衛國公李靖、司空英國公李勣列於左，漢太子少傅張良、齊大司馬田穰苴、吳將軍孫武、魏西河守吳起、燕晶國君樂毅列於右，以良為配。

[FOOTNOTEde_Crespigny20071172-2] Crespigny (2007), p. 1172.

[FOOTNOTEDillon1998389-3] Dillon (1998), p. 389.

[FOOTNOTEGuoGuo200838-4] Guo & Guo (2008), p. 38.

[5] (老子长于养性，不可以临危难。商鞅长于理法，不可以从教化。苏、张长于驰辞，不可以结盟誓。白起长于攻取，不可以广众。子胥长于图敌，不可以谋身。尾生长于守信，不可以应变。王嘉长于遇明君，不可以事暗主。许子将长于明臧否，不可以养人物。此任长之术者也。) Zhuge Liang ji, vol. 2.

[6] (故为君之道，以教令为先，诛罚为后，不教而战，是谓弃之。) Zhuge Liang ji, vol. 3.
(君臣之政，其犹天地之象，天地之象明，则君臣之道具矣。君以施下为仁，臣以事上为义。二心不可以事君，疑政不可以授臣。上下好礼，则民易使，上下和顺，则君臣之道具矣。君以礼使臣，臣以忠事君。君谋其政，臣谋其事。政者，正名也，事者，劝功也。) Zhuge Liang ji, vol. 3.

[Deng_2007-7] Cite error: The named reference Deng 2007 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[FOOTNOTEAuyang2014290-8] Auyang (2014), p. 290.

[9] Ouyang Xiu; Song Qi, eds. (1060). "vol. 15: treatise 5 on rites and music". Xin Tang Shu 新唐書. 上元元年，尊太公為武成王，祭典與文宣王比，以歷代良將為十哲象坐侍。秦武安君白起、漢淮陰侯韓信、蜀丞相諸葛亮、唐尚書右僕射衛國公李靖、司空英國公李勣列於左，漢太子少傅張良、齊大司馬田穰苴、吳將軍孫武、魏西河守吳起、燕晶國君樂毅列於右，以良為配。

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