Semipresidencialismo

Un sistema semipresidencial o régimen semiparlamentario es, en política, el sistema de gobierno en el que existe un presidente junto con un primer ministro y un gabinete, siendo estos dos últimos responsables ante el órgano legislativo de un Estado. Se diferencia de una democracia parlamentaria en el hecho de que el jefe de Estado es más que una figura puramente ceremonial, siendo elegido por sufragio popular directo, y del sistema presidencial, en el hecho de que el gobierno, aunque nombrado por el presidente, es responsable ante la cámara legislativa, pudiendo esta obligar al gobierno a renunciar mediante una moción de censura.[1][2][3][4]

Mientras que la República de Weimar alemana (1919-1933) y Finlandia (1919–2000) ejemplificaron un sistema semipresidencial temprano, el término "semipresidencial" fue introducido por un artículo de 1959 del periodista Hubert Beuve-Méry[5]​ y popularizado por un trabajo de 1978 del politólogo Maurice Duverger,[6]​ ambos destinados a describir la Quinta República Francesa (establecida en 1958).[1][2][3][4]

  1. a b Duverger, Maurice (June 1980). «A New Political System Model: Semi-Presidential Government» (PDF). European Journal of Political Research (quarterly) (University of Paris I, Paris: Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company) 8 (2): 165-187. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6765.1980.tb00569.x. Consultado el 21 de agosto de 2017 – via Wiley Online Library. «The concept of a semi-presidential form of government, as used here, is defined only by the content of the constitution. A political regime is considered as semi-presidential if the constitution which established it, combines three elements: (1) the president of the republic is elected by universal suffrage, (2) he possesses quite considerable powers; (3) he has opposite him, however, a prime minister and ministers who possess executive and governmental power and can stay in office only if the parliament does not show its opposition to them.» 
  2. a b Veser, Ernst (1997). «Semi-Presidentialism-Duverger's concept: A New Political System Model» (PDF). Journal for Humanities and Social Sciences (Taiwan: Research Center for Humanities and Social Sciences) 11 (1): 39-60. Archivado desde el original el 8 de febrero de 2017. Consultado el 21 de agosto de 2017. 
  3. a b Duverger, Maurice (September 1996). «Les monarchies républicaines» [The Republican Monarchies] (PDF). Pouvoirs, revue française d’études constitutionnelles et politiques (en francés) (París: Éditions du Seuil) (78): 107-120. ISBN 2-02-030123-7. ISSN 0152-0768. OCLC 909782158. Archivado desde el original el 1 de octubre de 2018. Consultado el 10 de septiembre de 2016. 
  4. a b Bahro, Horst; Bayerlein, Bernhard H.; Veser, Ernst (October 1998). «Duverger's concept: Semi-presidential government revisited» (PDF). European Journal of Political Research (quarterly) (University of Cologne, Germany: Kluwer Academic Publishers) 34 (2): 201-224. doi:10.1111/1475-6765.00405. Consultado el 22 de agosto de 2017 – via Wiley Online Library. «The conventional analysis of government in democratic countries by political science and constitutional law starts from the traditional types of presidentialism and parliamentarism. There is, however, a general consensus that governments in the various countries work quite differently. This is why some authors have inserted distinctive features into their analytical approaches, at the same time maintaining the general dichotomy. Maurice Duverger, trying to explain the French Fifth Republic, found that this dichotomy was not adequate for this purpose. He therefore resorted to the concept of 'semi-presidential government': The characteristics of the concept are (Duverger 1974: 122, 1978: 28, 1980: 166):
    1. the President of the Republic is elected by universal suffrage,
    2. he possesses quite considerable powers and
    3. he has opposite him a prime minister who possesses executive and governmental powers and can stay in office only if parliament does not express its opposition to him.»
     
  5. Le Monde, 8 January 1959.
  6. Duverger, Maurice (1978). Échec au roi. París: A. Michel. ISBN 9782226005809. 

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