Sexismo

Sexismo, discriminación sexual o discriminación de género es el prejuicio o discriminación basada en el sexo o género. También se refiere a las condiciones o actitudes que promueven estereotipos de roles sociales establecidos en diferencias sexuales.^[1] Las actitudes sexistas se sostienen en creencias y estereotipos tradicionales sobre los distintos roles de género. El término se utiliza principalmente para referirse a la discriminación que se ejerce contra las mujeres y hombres.^[2] La discriminación sexual no es solo un concepto dependiente de actitudes individuales, sino que se encuentra incorporado en numerosas instituciones de la sociedad.^[3] A menudo el sexismo es asociado con argumentos sobre la supremacía de género del hombre sobre la mujer mientras otros sostienen que la raíz de la opresión de género se encuentra en el régimen social y no en el hombre en particular. La situación de opresión que viven los hombres y mujeres en todo el mundo no es homologable a una opresión de clase o casta ya que se encuentra presente en las diferentes clases o castas.^[4]^[5]^[6]

El sexismo extremo puede fomentar el acoso sexual, la violación y otras formas de violencia sexual.^[7] La discriminación de identidad de género puede abarcar el sexismo, y es discriminación hacia las personas en función de su identidad de género^[8] o sus diferencias de género o sexo.^[9] La discriminación de género se define especialmente en términos de desigualdad en el lugar de trabajo.^[9]

↑ Merriam-Webster.
↑
There is a clear and broad consensus among academic scholars in multiple fields that sexism refers primarily to discrimination against women, and primarily affects women. See, for example:
- «Sexism». New Oxford American Dictionary (3 edición). Oxford University Press. 2010. ISBN 9780199891535. Defines sexism as "prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, typically against women, on the basis of sex".
- «Sexism». Encyclopædia Britannica, Online Academic Edition. 2015. Defines sexism as "prejudice or discrimination based on sex or gender, especially against women and girls". Notes that "sexism in a society is most commonly applied against women and girls. It functions to maintain patriarchy, or male domination, through ideological and material practices of individuals, collectives, and institutions that oppress women and girls on the basis of sex or gender."
- Cudd, Ann E.; Jones, Leslie E. (2005). «Sexism». A Companion to Applied Ethics. London: Blackwell. Notes that " 'Sexism' refers to a historically and globally pervasive form of oppression against women."
- Masequesmay, Gina (2008). «Sexism». En O'Brien, Jodi, ed. Encyclopedia of Gender and Society. SAGE. Notes that "sexism usually refers to prejudice or discrimination based on sex or gender, especially against women and girls". Also states that "sexism is an ideology or practices that maintain patriarchy or male domination".
- Hornsby, Jennifer (2005). «Sexism». En Honderich, Ted, ed. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (2 edición). Oxford. Defines sexism as "thought or practice which may permeate language and which assumes women's inferiority to men".
- «Sexism». Collins Dictionary of Sociology. Harper Collins. 2006. Defines sexism as "any devaluation or denigration of women or men, but particularly women, which is embodied in institutions and social relationships."
- «Sexism». Palgrave MacMillan Dictionary of Political Thought. Palgrave MacMillan. 2007. Notes that "either sex may be the object of sexist attitudes... however, it is commonly held that, in developed societies, women have been the usual victims".
- «Sexism». The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Love, Courtship, and Sexuality through History, Volume 6: The Modern World. Greenwood. 2007. "Sexism is any act, attitude, or institutional configuration that systematically subordinates or devalues women. Built upon the belief that men and women are constitutionally different, sexism takes these differences as indications that men are inherently superior to women, which then is used to justify the nearly universal dominance of men in social and familial relationships, as well as politics, religion, language, law, and economics."
- Foster, Carly Hayden (2011). «Sexism». En Kurlan, George Thomas, ed. The Encyclopedia of Political Science. CQ Press. ISBN 9781608712434. Notes that "both men and women can experience sexism, but sexism against women is more pervasive".
- Johnson, Allan G. (2000). «Sexism». The Blackwell Dictionary of Sociology. Blackwell. Suggests that "the key test of whether something is sexist... lies in its consequences: if it supports male privilege, then it is by definition sexist. I specify 'male privilege' because in every known society where gender inequality exists, males are privileged over females."
- Lorber, Judith (2011). Gender Inequality: Feminist Theories and Politics. Oxford University Press. p. 5. Notes that "although we speak of gender inequality, it is usually women who are disadvantaged relative to similarly situated men".
- Wortman, Camille B.; Loftus, Elizabeth S.; Weaver, Charles A (1999). Psychology. McGraw-Hill. "As throughout history, today women are the primary victims of sexism, prejudice directed at one sex, even in the United States."
↑ Macionis, Gerber, John, Linda (2010). Sociology 7th Canadian Ed. Toronto, Ontario: Pearson Canada Inc.. pp. 298.
↑ “La discriminación empieza en la escuela”, Hanaa Edwar, El País, 5/3/2013.
↑ Brittan, Arthur (1984). Sexism, racism and oppression. Blackwell. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-85520-674-1.
↑ Reed, Evelyn (1970). «La mujer:¿ Casta, clase o sexo oprimido?». Revista International Socialist Review.
↑ Forcible Rape Institutionalized Sexism in the Criminal Justice System| Gerald D. Robin Division of Criminal Justice, University of New Haven
↑ Macklem, Tony (2003). Beyond Comparison: Sex and Discrimination. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-82682-9.
↑ ^a ^b Sharyn Ann Lenhart (2004). Clinical Aspects of Sexual Harassment and Gender Discrimination: Psychological Consequences and Treatment Interventions. Routledge. p. 6. ISBN 1135941319. Consultado el 20 de abril de 2018. «GENDER OR SEX DISCRIMINATION: This term refers to the types of gender bias that have a negative impact. The term has legal, as well as theoretical and psychological, definitions. Psychological consequences can be more readily inferred from the latter, but both definitions are of significance. Theoretically, gender discrimination has been described as (1) the unequal rewards that men and women receive in the workplace or academic environment because of their gender or sex difference (DiThomaso, 1989); (2) a process occurring in work or educational settings in which an individual is overtly or covertly limited access to an opportunity or a resource because of a sex or is given the opportunity or the resource reluctantly and may face harassment for picking it (Roeske & Pleck, 1983); or (3) both.»

[:0-1] Merriam-Webster.

[Sexism-2] There is a clear and broad consensus among academic scholars in multiple fields that sexism refers primarily to discrimination against women, and primarily affects women. See, for example:
«Sexism». New Oxford American Dictionary (3 edición). Oxford University Press. 2010. ISBN 9780199891535. Defines sexism as "prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, typically against women, on the basis of sex".

«Sexism». Encyclopædia Britannica, Online Academic Edition. 2015. Defines sexism as "prejudice or discrimination based on sex or gender, especially against women and girls". Notes that "sexism in a society is most commonly applied against women and girls. It functions to maintain patriarchy, or male domination, through ideological and material practices of individuals, collectives, and institutions that oppress women and girls on the basis of sex or gender."

Cudd, Ann E.; Jones, Leslie E. (2005). «Sexism». A Companion to Applied Ethics. London: Blackwell. Notes that " 'Sexism' refers to a historically and globally pervasive form of oppression against women."

Masequesmay, Gina (2008). «Sexism». En O'Brien, Jodi, ed. Encyclopedia of Gender and Society. SAGE. Notes that "sexism usually refers to prejudice or discrimination based on sex or gender, especially against women and girls". Also states that "sexism is an ideology or practices that maintain patriarchy or male domination".

Hornsby, Jennifer (2005). «Sexism». En Honderich, Ted, ed. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (2 edición). Oxford. Defines sexism as "thought or practice which may permeate language and which assumes women's inferiority to men".

«Sexism». Collins Dictionary of Sociology. Harper Collins. 2006. Defines sexism as "any devaluation or denigration of women or men, but particularly women, which is embodied in institutions and social relationships."

«Sexism». Palgrave MacMillan Dictionary of Political Thought. Palgrave MacMillan. 2007. Notes that "either sex may be the object of sexist attitudes... however, it is commonly held that, in developed societies, women have been the usual victims".

«Sexism». The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Love, Courtship, and Sexuality through History, Volume 6: The Modern World. Greenwood. 2007. "Sexism is any act, attitude, or institutional configuration that systematically subordinates or devalues women. Built upon the belief that men and women are constitutionally different, sexism takes these differences as indications that men are inherently superior to women, which then is used to justify the nearly universal dominance of men in social and familial relationships, as well as politics, religion, language, law, and economics."

Foster, Carly Hayden (2011). «Sexism». En Kurlan, George Thomas, ed. The Encyclopedia of Political Science. CQ Press. ISBN 9781608712434. Notes that "both men and women can experience sexism, but sexism against women is more pervasive".

Johnson, Allan G. (2000). «Sexism». The Blackwell Dictionary of Sociology. Blackwell. Suggests that "the key test of whether something is sexist... lies in its consequences: if it supports male privilege, then it is by definition sexist. I specify 'male privilege' because in every known society where gender inequality exists, males are privileged over females."

Lorber, Judith (2011). Gender Inequality: Feminist Theories and Politics. Oxford University Press. p. 5. Notes that "although we speak of gender inequality, it is usually women who are disadvantaged relative to similarly situated men".

Wortman, Camille B.; Loftus, Elizabeth S.; Weaver, Charles A (1999). Psychology. McGraw-Hill. "As throughout history, today women are the primary victims of sexism, prejudice directed at one sex, even in the United States."

[3] «Sexism». New Oxford American Dictionary (3 edición). Oxford University Press. 2010. ISBN 9780199891535. Defines sexism as "prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, typically against women, on the basis of sex".

[4] «Sexism». Encyclopædia Britannica, Online Academic Edition. 2015. Defines sexism as "prejudice or discrimination based on sex or gender, especially against women and girls". Notes that "sexism in a society is most commonly applied against women and girls. It functions to maintain patriarchy, or male domination, through ideological and material practices of individuals, collectives, and institutions that oppress women and girls on the basis of sex or gender."

[5] Cudd, Ann E.; Jones, Leslie E. (2005). «Sexism». A Companion to Applied Ethics. London: Blackwell. Notes that " 'Sexism' refers to a historically and globally pervasive form of oppression against women."

[6] Masequesmay, Gina (2008). «Sexism». En O'Brien, Jodi, ed. Encyclopedia of Gender and Society. SAGE. Notes that "sexism usually refers to prejudice or discrimination based on sex or gender, especially against women and girls". Also states that "sexism is an ideology or practices that maintain patriarchy or male domination".

[7] Hornsby, Jennifer (2005). «Sexism». En Honderich, Ted, ed. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (2 edición). Oxford. Defines sexism as "thought or practice which may permeate language and which assumes women's inferiority to men".

[8] «Sexism». Collins Dictionary of Sociology. Harper Collins. 2006. Defines sexism as "any devaluation or denigration of women or men, but particularly women, which is embodied in institutions and social relationships."

[9] «Sexism». Palgrave MacMillan Dictionary of Political Thought. Palgrave MacMillan. 2007. Notes that "either sex may be the object of sexist attitudes... however, it is commonly held that, in developed societies, women have been the usual victims".

[10] «Sexism». The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Love, Courtship, and Sexuality through History, Volume 6: The Modern World. Greenwood. 2007. "Sexism is any act, attitude, or institutional configuration that systematically subordinates or devalues women. Built upon the belief that men and women are constitutionally different, sexism takes these differences as indications that men are inherently superior to women, which then is used to justify the nearly universal dominance of men in social and familial relationships, as well as politics, religion, language, law, and economics."

[11] Foster, Carly Hayden (2011). «Sexism». En Kurlan, George Thomas, ed. The Encyclopedia of Political Science. CQ Press. ISBN 9781608712434. Notes that "both men and women can experience sexism, but sexism against women is more pervasive".

[12] Johnson, Allan G. (2000). «Sexism». The Blackwell Dictionary of Sociology. Blackwell. Suggests that "the key test of whether something is sexist... lies in its consequences: if it supports male privilege, then it is by definition sexist. I specify 'male privilege' because in every known society where gender inequality exists, males are privileged over females."

[13] Lorber, Judith (2011). Gender Inequality: Feminist Theories and Politics. Oxford University Press. p. 5. Notes that "although we speak of gender inequality, it is usually women who are disadvantaged relative to similarly situated men".

[14] Wortman, Camille B.; Loftus, Elizabeth S.; Weaver, Charles A (1999). Psychology. McGraw-Hill. "As throughout history, today women are the primary victims of sexism, prejudice directed at one sex, even in the United States."

[3] Macionis, Gerber, John, Linda (2010). Sociology 7th Canadian Ed. Toronto, Ontario: Pearson Canada Inc.. pp. 298.

[4] “La discriminación empieza en la escuela”, Hanaa Edwar, El País, 5/3/2013.

[5] Brittan, Arthur (1984). Sexism, racism and oppression. Blackwell. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-85520-674-1.

[6] Reed, Evelyn (1970). «La mujer:¿ Casta, clase o sexo oprimido?». Revista International Socialist Review.

[:5-7] Forcible Rape Institutionalized Sexism in the Criminal Justice System| Gerald D. Robin Division of Criminal Justice, University of New Haven

[Macklem-8] Macklem, Tony (2003). Beyond Comparison: Sex and Discrimination. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-82682-9.

[Lenhart-9] Sharyn Ann Lenhart (2004). Clinical Aspects of Sexual Harassment and Gender Discrimination: Psychological Consequences and Treatment Interventions. Routledge. p. 6. ISBN 1135941319. Consultado el 20 de abril de 2018. «GENDER OR SEX DISCRIMINATION: This term refers to the types of gender bias that have a negative impact. The term has legal, as well as theoretical and psychological, definitions. Psychological consequences can be more readily inferred from the latter, but both definitions are of significance. Theoretically, gender discrimination has been described as (1) the unequal rewards that men and women receive in the workplace or academic environment because of their gender or sex difference (DiThomaso, 1989); (2) a process occurring in work or educational settings in which an individual is overtly or covertly limited access to an opportunity or a resource because of a sex or is given the opportunity or the resource reluctantly and may face harassment for picking it (Roeske & Pleck, 1983); or (3) both.»

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