Harshen Tumbuka

Harshen Tumbuka yaren Bantu ne wanda ake magana da shi a Malawi, Zambia, da Tanzaniya . ^[2] Chitumbuka kuma ya san shi</link> kuma ya rubuta Citumbuka</link> - chi- prefix da ke gaban Tumbuka yana nufin "a cikin yanayin", kuma a wannan yanayin ana fahimtar ma'anar "harshen mutanen Tumbuka ". Tumbuka yana cikin rukunin yare ɗaya ( Guthrie Zone N ) da Chewa . ^[3]

Almanac na Duniya shekarar alif daya da dari tara da casa'in da takwas(1998) ya kiyasta cewa akwai kusan masu magana da Tumbuka miliyan biyu da dubu tamanin 2,080,000 a cikin shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da takwas 1998, kodayake wasu majiyoyin sun ƙididdige adadin mafi ƙanƙanta. An ce yawancin masu magana da harshen Tumbuka suna zaune a Malawi. ^[2] Tumbuka ita ce mafi yawan yarukan Arewacin Malawi, musamman a yankunan Rumphi, Mzuzu, Mzimba da Karonga . ^[4]

Akwai bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin nau'in Tumbuka da ake magana a cikin biranen Malawi (wanda ke aron wasu kalmomi daga Swahili da Chewa ) da "kauye" ko "zurfin" Tumbuka da ake magana a ƙauyuka. Bambancin Rumphi galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mafi “tsabtar harshe”, kuma wani lokaci ana kiransa “tumbuka na gaske”. ^[5] Yaren Mzimba ya sami tasiri sosai daga Zulu (chiNgoni), ^[6] har zuwa samun danna kalmomi kamar chitha</link> [ ʇʰitʰa ]</link> "urinate", wanda ba ya faruwa a wasu yarukan.

A cikin tarihin Malawi, Tumbuka da Chewa ne kawai suka kasance a wani lokaci ko kuma wani harshe na farko da jami'an gwamnati ke amfani da su. Duk da haka, harshen Tumbuka ya sha wahala sosai a lokacin mulkin Shugaba Hastings Kamuzu Banda, tun a shekara ta alif 1968 sakamakon manufofinsa na kasa daya, harshe daya ya rasa matsayinsa na harshen hukuma a Malawi. Hakan ya sa aka cire Tumbuka daga tsarin karatun makaranta, gidan rediyon kasa, da kuma kafafen yada labarai. ^[7] Da zuwan dimokradiyyar jam’iyyu da yawa a 1994, an sake fara shirye-shiryen Tumbuka a rediyo, amma adadin littattafai da sauran littattafai a Tumbuka ya ragu. ^[8]

1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Tumbuka". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
2. ↑ ^{2.0 2.1} Michigan State University African Studies Center information page Archived 2015-11-23 at the Wayback Machine.
3. ↑ Kiso (2012), pp.21ff.
4. ↑ University of Malawi (2006) Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi.
5. ↑ Kamwendo (2004), p.282.
6. ↑ University of Malawi (2006), p.27.
7. ↑ Kamwendo (2004), p.278.
8. ↑ See Language Mapping Survey for Northern Malawi (2006), pp.38-40 for a list of publications.