Harsunan Nijar-Congo

Nijar – Kongo dangin yare ne da aka zayyana kuma ake magana a kan yawancin yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara.^[2] Yana haɗe da harsunan Mande, harsunan Atlantika-Congo (waɗanda ke raba tsarin ajin suna), da yuwuwar ƙananan ƙungiyoyin harsuna da yawa waɗanda ke da wahalar rarrabawa. Idan har Niger-Congo ta yi aiki, za ta kasance kasa mafi girma a duniya ta fuskar harsunan mambobi, kasa ta uku a fannin masu magana, kuma mafi girma a Afirka ta fuskar yanki. ^[3] Gaba ɗaya ana la'akari da shi a matsayin dangin harshe mafi girma a duniya dangane da adadin harsuna daban-daban,,^[4][5] gaba da yaren Austronesian, kodayake wannan yana da rikitarwa ta rashin fahimta game da abin da ya ƙunshi harshe na musamman ; Yawan harsunan Niger-Congo mai suna da Ethnologue ya lissafa ya kai 1,540. ^[6]

Idan yana aiki, zai zama harshe na uku mafi girma a duniya a cikin yawan masu magana da yaren, wanda ya ƙunshi kusan mutane miliyan 700 a shekarar 2015. A Kasar Nijar-Congo, harsunan Bantu kadai ke da mutane miliyan 350 (2015), wato rabin jimlar yawan jama'ar Nijar-Congo. Harsunan Nijar–Congo da aka fi amfani da su ta yawan masu jin yaren su ne Yarbawa, Igbo, Fula, Ga-Adamgbe, Shona, Sesotho, Zulu, Akan, da Mooré . Mafi yawan masu magana da su shine Swahili, wanda ake amfani da shi azaman yare a sassan gabashi da kudu maso gabashin Afirka. ^[3]

Yayin da ƙayyadaddun halitta na tsakiyar Nijar-Congo (wanda ake kira Atlantika-Congo ) ya sami karbuwa sosai, tsarin cikin gida bai yi kyau ba. Sauran rassa na farko na iya haɗawa da Dogon, Mande, Ijo, Katla da Rashad . Ba a taɓa nuna alaƙar harsunan Mande musamman ba, kuma idan ba tare da su ba, ba a tabbatar da sahihancin dangin Nijar da Kongo gaba ɗaya ba (saɓanin Atlantika-Congo ko makamancinsa).

1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nige1235 |chapterurl= missing title (help). Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
2. ↑ Good, Jeff (2020). "Niger-Congo, with a special focus on Benue-Congo". In Vossen, Rainer; Gerrit J. Dimmendaal (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of African Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 139–160. ISBN 9780191007378. The term [Niger–Congo], as presently used, however, is not without its difficulties. On the one hand, it is employed as a referential label for a group of over 1,500 languages, putting it among the largest commonly cited language groups in the world. On the other hand, the term is also intended to embody a hypothesis of genealogical relationship between the referential NC languages that has not been proven (p.139)
3. ↑ ^{3.0 3.1} Irene Thompson, "Niger-Congo Language Family", "aboutworldlanguages", March 2015
4. ↑ Heine, Bernd; Nurse, Derek (2000-08-03). African Languages: An Introduction (in Turanci). Cambridge University Press. p. 11. ISBN 9780521666299.
5. ↑ Ammon, Ulrich (2006). Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society (in Turanci). Walter de Gruyter. p. 2036. ISBN 9783110184181.
6. ↑ Simons, Gary F. and Charles D. Fennig (eds.). 2018. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twenty-first edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International.