Negara Islam Irak dan Syam

Negara Islam Irak dan Syam
الدولة الإسلامية
ad-Daulah al-Islāmiyah
Nama lainIS, ISIS, ISIL, Daesh
PendiriAbu Musab al-Zarqawi [2]
Pemimpin
Waktu operasi
2006–Sekarang
Kelompok

Sel yang tidak terorganisir

MarkasTidak diketahui (Maret 2019 – sekarang)
Bekas
Wilayah operasiMap – refer to following caption
Teritori Negara Islam Irak dan Syam, berwarna abu-abu, pada saat wilayah mencapai puncak wilayah terluasnya (Mei 2015)[45]
Map legend
  •   Negara Islam Irak dan Syam
  •   Pemerintah Suriah
  •   Pemerintah Lebanon
  •   Pasukan Kurdistan Irak
  •   pasukan oposisi Suriah
  • Catatan: Irak dan Suriah memiliki wilayah gurun yang luas dengan populasi yang sedikit. Daerah-daerah ini dipetakan sebagai wilayah yang berada di bawah kendali kekuatan yang menguasai jalan dan kota di dalamnya.
Ideologi
StatusOrganisasi Teroris
Jumlah anggota
Daftar nomor kombatan
  • Di Suriah dan Irak:
    • 5,000–10,000[96] (Laporan Dewan Keamanan PBB tahun 2019)
    • 28,600–31,600[97] (Perkiraan Departemen Pertahanan AS tahun 2016)
    • 200,000[98][99] (2015 klaim oleh Kepala Staf Kurdistan Irak)
    • 100,000[100][99] (2015 klaim Jihadis)
    • 35,000–100,000[101] (at peak, US State Department estimate)
  • Outside Syria and Iraq: 32,600–57,900 (See Military activity of ISIL for more detailed estimates.)
  • Estimated total: 61,200–257,900
Civilian population
  • In 2015 (near max extent): 8–12 million[102][103]
  • In 2022 (ISWAP): 800,000[104]
Bagian dari al-Qaeda (2004–2014)
Sekutulihat bagian....
Lawan
Pertempuran dan perang

Target utama dari:

← Didahului oleh
Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (1999)[146]

Al-Qaeda di Iraq (2004)

Negara Islam Irak (2006)

Negara Islam Irak dan Syam (NIIS atau ISIL; Arab: الدولة الإسلامية في العراق والشام, translit. Ad-Daulah al-Islāmiyyah fil-'Irāq wasy-Syām), juga dikenal dengan nama Negara Islam Irak dan Suriah (NIIS atau ISIS, /ˈsis/), Negara Islam Irak dan asy-Syam,[147] Daesh, atau Negara Islam (NI atau IS),[148] adalah kelompok militan ekstremis dan bekas proto-negara tidak diakui yang mengikuti doktrin jihadisme Salafi. Hingga Desember 2015, NIIS menguasai wilayah dari Irak barat hingga Suriah timur yang diperkirakan berpenduduk 8–12 juta orang. Lewat kelompok lokalnya, NIIS juga menguasai wilayah kecil di Libya, Nigeria, dan Afghanistan. Kelompok ini juga beroperasi atau memiliki afiliasi di berbagai wilayah dunia, termasuk Afrika Utara dan Asia Selatan.[149][150][151][152][153][154]

Dalam bahasa Arab, kelompok ini dikenal dengan nama ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah fī 'l-ʿIrāq wa-sy-Syām sehingga terciptalah kata Da'isy atau Daesh (داعش, pelafalan dalam bahasa Arab: [ˈdaːʕiʃ]),[155][156] singkatan "NIIS" dalam bahasa Arab. Pada tanggal 29 Juni 2014, kelompok ini menyatakan dirinya sebagai negara Islam sekaligus kekhalifahan dunia yang dipimpin oleh khalifah Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi dan berganti nama menjadi ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah (الدولة الإسلامية, "Negara Islam" (NI). Sebagai kekhalifahan, NIIS mengklaim kendali agama, politik, dan militer atas semua Muslim di seluruh dunia, dan "keabsahan semua keamiran, kelompok, negara, dan organisasi tidak diakui lagi setelah kekuasaan khilāfah meluas dan pasukannya tiba di wilayah mereka".[147][157][158][159] Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa menyebut NIIS telah melakukan pelanggaran hak asasi manusia dan kejahatan perang. Amnesty International melaporkan bahwa kelompok ini telah melakukan pembersihan etnis "berskala sangat besar". Kelompok ini dicap sebagai organisasi teroris oleh PBB, Uni Eropa dan negara-negara anggotanya, Amerika Serikat, India, Indonesia, Israel, Turki, Arab Saudi, Suriah, dan negara-negara lain. Lebih dari 60 negara secara langsung atau tidak langsung berperang melawan NIIS.

Kelompok ini awalnya didirikan dengan nama Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad pada tahun 1999, lalu bergabung dengan al-Qaeda pada tahun 2004. Kelompok ini terlibat pemberontakan Irak setelah pasukan koalisi Barat menyerbu Irak tahun 2003. Bulan Januari 2006, kelompok tersebut bergabung dengan grup-grup pemberontak Sunni yang tergabung dalam Dewan Syura Mujahidin. Mereka memproklamasikan pemberntukan Negara Islam Irak (NII) pada bulan Oktober 2006. Setelah Perang Saudara Suriah pecah bulan Maret 2011, NII di bawah kepemimpinan al-Baghdadi mengutus para pejuang ke Suriah pada Agustus 2011. Para pejuang tersebut menyebut dirinya Jabhat an-Nuṣrah li-Ahli asy-SyāmFront al-Nusra—dan menguasai daerah-daerah yang mayoritas dihuni warga Sunni di kegubernuran Ar-Raqqah, Idlib, Deir ez-Zor, dan Aleppo. Bulan April 2013, al-Baghdadi mengumumkan penyatuan NII dengan Front al-Nusra dan nama barunya, Negara Islam Irak dan Syam (NIIS). Namun demikian, Abu Mohammad al-Julani dan Ayman al-Zawahiri, masing-masing pemimpin al-Nusra dan al-Qaeda, menolak penyatuan tersebut. Setelah perebutan kekuasaan selama delapan bulan, al-Qaeda memutus semua hubungan dengan NIIS pada tanggal 3 Februari 2014 karena NIIS enggan berunding dan "luar biasa keras kepala". Di Suriah, kelompok ini melancarkan serangan darat terhadap pasukan pemerintah dan faksi pemberontak dalam Perang Saudara Suriah. Mereka mulai dikenal luas setelah mendesak mundur pasukan pemerintah Irak dari kota-kota besar di Irak barat dalam sebuah serangan pada awal 2014. Hilangnya kendali Irak atas wilayahnya sendiri mengakibatkan pecahnya pemerintahan Irak dan memicu aksi militer Amerika Serikat di Irak.[160][161][162][163]

NIIS mahir memanfaatkan media sosial. Mereka mengepos video-video pemenggalan tentara, warga sipil, wartawan, dan pekerja sosial di Internet dan dikenal karena menghancurkan situs-situs warisan budaya. Para tokoh Muslim di seluruh dunia mengutuk ideologi dan aksi-aksi NIIS; mereka berpendapat bahwa kelompok tersebut sudah keluar jauh dari ajaran Islam yang sejati dan segala tindakannya tidak mencerminkan ajaran atau nilai-nilai yang dibawa agama ini.[164][165] Penggunaan nama "Negara Islam" dan konsep kekhalifahan oleh kelompok ini dikritik secara luas. PBB, NATO, berbagai negara, dan sejumlah kelompok Muslim besar menolak keduanya.

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Kesalahan pengutipan: Ditemukan tag <ref> untuk kelompok bernama "lower-alpha", tapi tidak ditemukan tag <references group="lower-alpha"/> yang berkaitan


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