Sunni

Sunni (/ˈsuːni, ˈsʊni/, KBBI: Suni) adalah cabang (firkah) terbesar Islam, yang dianut 85–90% populasi penduduk Muslim. Namanya berasal dari kata Sunnah, yakni meneladani apa yang telah diajarkan Nabi Islam Muhammad.^[1] Perbedaan Sunni dengan Syiah berkaitan dengan pertentangan tentang siapa yang pantas sebagai penerus Muhammad yang berujung pada perbedaan antara akidah dan fikih.^[2] Menurut tradisi Sunni, Muhammad tidak memiliki penerus dan orang-orang yang terlibat dalam peristiwa Saqifah menunjuk Abu Bakar sebagai khalifah.^[2]^[3]^[4] Hal ini berbeda dengan pandangan Syiah, yang menganggap bahwa Muhammad menunjuk Ali bin Abi Thalib sebagai penerusnya.^[5]

Orang yang menganut cabang Islam ini lebih menyebut dirinya sebagai "ahli sunah", atau lebih lengkapnya ahlussunnah wal-jamāʻah ("orang yang mengikuti Sunnah dan berada dalam golongan Jamaah"). Pengikut dari ahlus-sunnah dikenal dengan sebutan Sunni. Sunni sering dijuluki sebagai "Islam Ortodoks",^[6]^[7]^[8] meski banyak ulama dan pakar agama menentangnya.^[9]

Al-Qur'an dan hadis (utamanya yang berada dalam Kutubussittah) dan ijma', menjadi landasan fikih Sunni. Syariah diturunkan dengan mempertimbangkan sumber-sumber tersebut, bersama dengan qiyas, istislah, dan istihsan, menggunakan metode ijtihad yang dikembangkan imam-imam mazhab. Terkait dengan akidah, Sunni berpegang teguh pada rukun iman. Terdapat dua golongan mazhab akidah dalam tradisi Sunni, yaitu Asy'ariyah dan Maturidiyah yang menganut pemahaman ilmu kalam, serta Atsariyah yamg menganut pemikiran tekstual.

^ John L. Esposito, ed. (2014). "Sunni Islam". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
^ ^a ^b Tayeb El-Hibri, Maysam J. al Faruqi (2004). "Sunni Islam". Dalam Philip Mattar. The Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa (edisi ke-Second). MacMillan Reference.
^ Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani (2014). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. hlm. 3. ISBN 978-1610691789.
^ Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad. Cambridge University Press. hlm. xi. ISBN 0521646960.
^ Jafri, Syed Husain Mohammad (27 August 1976). The Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam (Millennium (Series)) (The Millennium (Series).). Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press (First Published By Longman Group Ltd and Librairie du Liban 1979). hlm. 19–21. ISBN 978-0195793871. The Shi'a unequivocally take the word in the meaning of leader, master and patron and therefore the explicitly nominated successor of the Prophet. The Sunnis, on the other hand, interpret the word mawla in the meaning of a friend or the nearest kin and confidant.
^ John Richard Thackrah (2013). Dictionary of Terrorism (edisi ke-2, revised). Routledge. hlm. 252. ISBN 978-1135165956.
^ Nasir, Jamal J., ed. (2009). The Status of Women Under Islamic Law and Modern Islamic Legislation (edisi ke-revised). Brill. hlm. 11. ISBN 978-9004172739.
^ George W. Braswell (2000). What You Need to Know about Islam & Muslims (edisi ke-illustrated). B&H Publishing Group. hlm. 62. ISBN 978-0805418293.
^ An Introduction to the Hadith. John Burton. Published by Edinburgh University Press. 1996. p. 201. Cite: "Sunni: Of or pertaining sunna, especially the Sunna of the Prophet. Used in conscious opposition to Shi'a, Shi'í. There being no ecclesia or centralized magisterium, the translation 'orthodox' is inappropriate. To the Muslim 'unorthodox' implies heretical, mubtadi, from bid'a, the contrary of sunna and so 'innovation'."

[1] John L. Esposito, ed. (2014). "Sunni Islam". The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[EMMENA-2] Tayeb El-Hibri, Maysam J. al Faruqi (2004). "Sunni Islam". Dalam Philip Mattar. The Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa (edisi ke-Second). MacMillan Reference.

[FitzpatrickWalkerP3-3] Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani (2014). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. hlm. 3. ISBN 978-1610691789.

[4] Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad. Cambridge University Press. hlm. xi. ISBN 0521646960.

[5] Jafri, Syed Husain Mohammad (27 August 1976). The Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam (Millennium (Series)) (The Millennium (Series).). Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press (First Published By Longman Group Ltd and Librairie du Liban 1979). hlm. 19–21. ISBN 978-0195793871. The Shi'a unequivocally take the word in the meaning of leader, master and patron and therefore the explicitly nominated successor of the Prophet. The Sunnis, on the other hand, interpret the word mawla in the meaning of a friend or the nearest kin and confidant.

[6] John Richard Thackrah (2013). Dictionary of Terrorism (edisi ke-2, revised). Routledge. hlm. 252. ISBN 978-1135165956.

[7] Nasir, Jamal J., ed. (2009). The Status of Women Under Islamic Law and Modern Islamic Legislation (edisi ke-revised). Brill. hlm. 11. ISBN 978-9004172739.

[8] George W. Braswell (2000). What You Need to Know about Islam & Muslims (edisi ke-illustrated). B&H Publishing Group. hlm. 62. ISBN 978-0805418293.

[9] An Introduction to the Hadith. John Burton. Published by Edinburgh University Press. 1996. p. 201. Cite: "Sunni: Of or pertaining sunna, especially the Sunna of the Prophet. Used in conscious opposition to Shi'a, Shi'í. There being no ecclesia or centralized magisterium, the translation 'orthodox' is inappropriate. To the Muslim 'unorthodox' implies heretical, mubtadi, from bid'a, the contrary of sunna and so 'innovation'."

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