Transgender

Beberapa contoh tokoh transgender (dari kiri ke kanan, atas ke bawah): Lili Elbe, Laverne Cox, Thomas Beatie, Chaz Bono, Balian Buschbaum, dan Lynn Conway.
Seorang demonstran transgender pada sebuah unjuk rasa di Paris, Oktober 2005.

Orang transgender adalah orang yang memiliki identitas gender atau ekspresi gender yang berbeda dengan seksnya yang ditunjuk saat lahir.[1][2][3] Orang transgender juga terkadang disebut sebagai orang transseksual jika ia menghendaki bantuan medis untuk transisi dari satu seks ke seks lainnya. Transgender juga merupakan sebuah kata umum. Selain mencakup orang yang identitas gendernya berlawanan dengan seksnya yang ditunjuk (pria trans dan wanita trans), istilah transgender juga dapat mencakup orang-orang yang tidak secara spesifik maskulin atau feminin (orang-orang genderqueer seperti bigender, pangender, genderfluid, atau agender).[2][4][5] Definisi transgender lainnya juga mencakup orang-orang yang termasuk ke dalam gender ketiga atau memiliki gender ketiga transgender.[6][7] Dalam kasus yang lebih jarang, istilah transgender digunakan hingga mencakup cross-dresser,[8] tanpa memperhatikan identitas gender.

Keadaan transgender tidak terikat dengan orientasi seksual.[9] Orang transgender dapat memilki orientasi heteroseksual, homoseksual, biseksual, aseksual, dan lain-lain. Istilah transgender berbeda dengan istilah interseks, yaitu kondisi seseorang yang lahir dengan karakteristik seks fisik yang "...tidak padan dengan gagasan umum mengenai laki-laki atau perempuan".[10]

Tingkat seorang individu untuk merasa asli, murni, dan nyaman dengan penampilan luarnya serta menerima identitas aslinya disebut sebagai kesesuaian transgender (transgender congruence).[11] Banyak dari orang transgender mengalami apa yang disebut disforia gender dan beberapa menerima bantuan medis seperti terapi penyulihan hormon, operasi penentuan ulang seks, atau psikoterapi.[12] Tidak semua orang transgender menghendaki penanganan medis dan beberapa tidak melakukannya karena kendala ekonomi atau kesehatan.[12][13]

Mayoritas orang transgender menghadapi diskriminasi dalam pekerjaan dan pencarian kerja,[14] pemenuhan kebutuhan tempat tinggal,[15] serta pelayanan kesehatan.[16] Orang transgender juga tidak dilindungi oleh hukum dari diskriminasi di banyak tempat.[17]

  1. ^ Altilio, T.; Otis-Green, S. (2011). Oxford Textbook of Palliative Social Work. Oxford University Press. hlm. 380. ISBN 0199838275. Diakses tanggal 12 April 2016. Transgender is an umbrella term for people whose gender identity and/or gender expression differs from the sex they were assigned at birth (Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation [GLAAD], 2007). 
  2. ^ a b Forsyth, C. J.; Copes, H. (2014). Encyclopedia of Social Deviance. Sage Publications. hlm. 740. ISBN 1483364690. Diakses tanggal 12 April 2016. Transgender is an umbrella term for people whose gender identities, gender expressions, and/or behaviors are different from those culturally associated with the sex to which they were assigned at birth. 
  3. ^ Berg-Weger, M. (2016). Social Work and Social Welfare: An Invitation. Routledge. hlm. 229. ISBN 1317592026. Diakses tanggal 12 April 2016. Transgender: An umbrella term that describes people whose gender identity or gender expression differs from expectations associated with the sex assigned to them at birth. 
  4. ^ Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (Mei 2010). "GLAAD Media Reference Guide – Transgender glossary of terms". Diakses tanggal 24 Februari 2011. An umbrella term for people whose gender identity and/or gender expression differs from what is typically associated with the sex they were assigned at birth. 
  5. ^ Bilodeau, B. (2005). "Beyond the Gender Binary: A Case Study of Two Transgender Students at a Midwestern Research University". Journal of Gay & Lesbian Issues in Education. 3 (1): 29–44. doi:10.1300/J367v03n01_05. Yet Jordan and Nick represent a segment of transgender communities that have largely been overlooked in transgender and student development research – individuals who express a non-binary construction of gender[.] 
  6. ^ Stryker, S.; Whittle, S. (2006). The Transgender Studies Reader. Routledge. hlm. 666. The authors note that, increasingly, in social science literature, the term 'third gender' is being replaced by or conflated with the newer term 'transgender'. 
  7. ^ Chrisler, J. C.; McCreary, D. R. (2010). Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology. Volume 1: Gender research in general and experimental psychology. Springer. hlm. 486. ISBN 1-4419-1465-X. Transgender is a broad term characterized by a challenge of traditional gender roles and gender identity[. ...] For example, some cultures classify transgender individuals as a third gender, thereby treating this phenomenon as normative. 
  8. ^ Reisner, S. L.; Conron, K.; Mimiaga, M. J.; Haneuse, S.; et al. (2014). "Comparing in-person and online survey respondents in the US National Transgender Discrimination Survey: implications for transgender health research". LGBT Health. 1 (2): 98–106. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2013.0018. Transgender was defined broadly to cover those who transition from one gender to another as well as those who may not choose to socially, medically, or legally fully transition, including cross-dressers, people who consider themselves to be genderqueer, androgynous, and ... 
  9. ^ "Sexual orientation, homosexuality and bisexuality". American Psychological Association. Diakses tanggal 10 Agustus 2013. 
  10. ^ Kantor Komisaris Tinggi PBB untuk Hak Asasi Manusia (2015). "Free & Equal Campaign Fact Sheet: Intersex" (PDF). Diakses tanggal 28 Maret 2016. 
  11. ^ Kozee, H. B.; Tylka, T. L.; Bauerband, L. A. (2012). "Measuring transgender individuals' comfort with gender identity and appearance: Development and validation of the Transgender Congruence Scale". Psychology of Women Quarterly. 36: 179–196. doi:10.1177/0361684312442161. 
  12. ^ a b Maizes, V. (2015). Integrative Women's Health. hlm. 745. ISBN 0190214805. Many transgender people experience gender dysphoria—distress that results from the discordance of biological sex and experienced gender (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Treatment for gender dysphoria, considered to be highly effective, includes physical, medical, and/or surgical treatments [...] some [transgender people] may not choose to transition at all. 
  13. ^ "Understanding Transgender People FAQ". National Center for Transgender Equality. 1 Mei 2009. Diakses tanggal 20 April 2016. 
  14. ^ Lombardi, E. L.; Anne Wilchins, R.; Priesing, D.; Malouf, D. "Gender Violence: Transgender Experiences with Violence and Discrimination". Journal of Homosexuality. 42 (1): 89–101. doi:10.1300/J082v42n01_05. 
  15. ^ Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (4 Februari 2011). "Groundbreaking Report Reflects Persistent Discrimination Against Transgender Community". Diakses tanggal 24 Februari 2011. 
  16. ^ Bradford, J.; Reisner, S. L.; Honnold, J. A.; Xavier, J. (Oktober 2013). "Experiences of Transgender-Related Discrimination and Implications for Health: Results From the Virginia Transgender Health Initiative Study". American Journal of Public Health. 103 (10): 1820–1829. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300796. 
  17. ^ Whittle, S. (2002). Respect and Equality: Transsexual and Transgender Rights. Routledge-Cavendish. 

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